young migrants; integration; empowerment; Vulnerabilities
Abstract :
[en] Migrant integration trajectories have become more complex, open, uncertain, and continuously changing, over time. For young migrants, their integration endeavour intersects with their process of transition to adulthood, a double transition that poses additional challenges. Recent theoretical perspectives such as “liquid integration” aim at focusing on the dynamic, processual, and temporal nature of migrant integration. The present article focuses on the dynamic interplay of obstacles and enablers that, over time, interact to construct complex, often non-linear, and open-ended integration and coming of age trajectories of young migrants (aged from 18 to 30 years) coming from outside the European Union (EU) to EU countries. Empirical results from the H2020 MIMY (Empowerment through liquid Integration of Migrant Youth in vulnerable conditions) research project in Luxembourg will be presented. In order to address the goal of the research, qualitative data were gathered by means of N = 38 interviews with young migrants with different migratory paths, characteristics and experiences, and specifically included: young migrants from non-EU Portuguese-speaking countries (N = 16), refugees living in reception centres (N = 15), migrants who since arriving in Luxembourg have become publicly visible (N = 7). Content analysis of the interviews allowed a twofold purpose: (1) capturing the unfolding of intersectional integration obstacles that over time play a decisive role in the building of conditions of vulnerability of the double transition under analysis; (2) capturing the multidimensional resources that interactively build up to give rise to resilient and empowering integration and coming of age experiences. The identification of decisive multidimensional obstacles and resources present in the integration endeavour during the process of coming of age allowed us to capture differentiated routes of vulnerability, on the one hand, and resilience/ empowerment on the other. Key ingredients of both vulnerable and more resilient and empowering integration and coming of age trajectories are identified as well as their relational dynamics, enabling to address key challenges for the resilience and empowerment of young migrants in the process of negotiating their transition to adulthood amidst their integration challenges in the Luxembourgish society.
Disciplines :
Human geography & demography Sociology & social sciences Social, industrial & organizational psychology Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Oliveira, José
NIENABER, Birte ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Geography and Spatial Planning (DGEO) > Geography and Spatial Planning
BISSINGER, Jutta ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Geography and Spatial Planning (DGEO) > Geography and Spatial Planning
GILODI, Amalia ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences > Team Isabelle ALBERT
RICHARD, Catherine ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences > Department of Geography and Spatial Planning > Team Birte NIENABER
ALBERT, Isabelle ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS) > Lifespan Development, Family and Culture
External co-authors :
no
Language :
English
Title :
Double transition of young migrants in Luxembourg: vulnerable, resilient and empowering integration trajectories in the period of youth
Ager A. Strang A. (2008). Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. J. Refug. Stud. 21, 166–191. doi: 10.1093/jrs/fen016
Alkhaled S. Sasaki I. (2022). Syrian women refugees: coping with indeterminate liminality during forcible displacement. Organ. Stud. 43, 1583–1605. doi: 10.1177/01708406211040214
Arendas Z. Trąbka A. Messing V. Pietrusińska M. J. Winogrodzka D. (2023). Agency of Migrant Youth in hostile sociopolitical environments: case studies from Central Eastern Europe. Soc. Sci. 12:210. doi: 10.3390/socsci12040210
Arnett J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am. Psychol. 55, 469–480. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
Arnett J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arnett J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. 2nd Edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
Aroian K. Norris A. (2000). Resilience, stress, and depression among Russian immigrants to Israel. West. J. Nurs. Res. 22, 54–67. doi: 10.1177/01939450022044269
Barocas R. Seifer R. Sameroff A. J. (1985). Defining environmental risk: multiple dimensions of psychological vulnerability. Am. J. Community Psychol. 13, 433–447. doi: 10.1007/BF00911218, PMID: 4050751
Bates-Eamer N. (2019). Border and migration controls and migrant Precarity in the context of climate change. Soc. Sci. 8:198. doi: 10.3390/socsci8070198
Bauböck R. Tripkovic M. (Eds.) (2017). The integration of migrants and refugees. European University Institute. Available at: https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/45187
Bauman Z. (2001). The individualized society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Bauman Z. (2007). Liquid times: Living in an age of uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beck A. T. Weissman A. Lester D. Trexler L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 42, 861–865. doi: 10.1037/h0037562
Berry J. W. (2005). Acculturation: living successfully in two cultures. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 29, 697–712. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Bhalla A. Lapeyre F. (1997). Social exclusion: towards an analytical and operational framework. Dev. Chang. 28, 413–433,
Biaback Anong D. Skrobanek J. Wagner L. Nienaber B. (2023). Consonant and dissonant experiences - YoungMigrants’ understandings of integration: a cross-country comparison between Germany, Luxembourg, and Norway. Sociol. Sci. 12:78. doi: 10.3390/socsci12020078
Bloemraad I. Korteweg A. Yurdakul G. (2008). Citizenship and immigration: multiculturalism, assimilation, and challenges to the nation-state. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 34, 153–179. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134608
Bourdieu P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: University Press.
Bourdieu P. Passeron J. (1977). Reproduction in education, society and culture. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Braun V. Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 3, 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brodsky A. Buckingham S. Fedi A. Gattino S. Rochira A. Altal D. et al. (2022). Resilience and empowerment in immigrant experiences: a look through the transconceptual model of empowerment and resilience. Am. J. Orthop. 92, 564–577. doi: 10.1037/ort0000634
Brodsky A. Cattaneo L. B. (2013). A Transconceptual model of empowerment and resilience: divergence, convergence and interactions in kindred community concepts. Am. J. Community Psychol. 52, 333–346. doi: 10.1007/s10464-013-9599-x
Bronstein I. Montgomery P. (2011). Psychological distress in refugee children: a systematic review. Clin. Child. Fam. Psychol. Rev. 14, 44–56. doi: 10.1007/s10567-010-0081-0, PMID: 21181268
Buckingham S. L. Brodsky A. E. (2021). Relative privilege, risk, and sense of community: understanding Latinx immigrants’ empowerment and resilience processes across the United States. Am. J. Community Psychol. 67, –379. doi: 10.1002/ajcp.12486
Cano-López L. De la Fuente-Robles Y. M. Fuentes V. Aranda M. Espinilla-Estévez M. (2021). How does the family influence the process of transition to adulthood? A comparative study of Young people with and without family ties in Spain. Sustain. For. 13:8919. doi: 10.3390/su13168919
Carruth L. Martinez C. Smith L. Donato K. Piñones-Rivera C. Quesada J. (2021). Structural vulnerability: migration and health in social context. BMJ Glob. Health 6:e005109. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005109
Cattaneo L. B. Chapman A. R. (2010). The process of empowerment: a model for use in research and practice. Am. Psychol. 65, 646–659. doi: 10.1037/a0018854
Cederberg M. (2014). Public discourses and migrant stories of integration and inequality: language and power in biographical narratives. Sociology 48, 133–149. doi: 10.1177/0038038512470041
Chiswick B. R. Miller P. W. (2004). Language skills and immigrant adjustment: What Immigration Policy Can Do! Int. Migr. Rev. 44, 376–401. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.632341
Ciaramella M. Monacelli N. Cocimano L. C. E. (2022). Promotion of resilience in migrants: a systematic review of study and psychosocial intervention. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 24, 1328–1344. doi: 10.1007/s10903-021-01247-y
Collins W. A. Klerman G. L. (2011). Adolescence and young adulthood: Risks and opportunities. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Côté J. E. (2006). “Emerging adulthood as an institutionalized moratorium: risks and benefits to identity formation” in Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century. eds. Arnett J. J. Tanner J. L. (Washington: American Psychological Association), 85–116.
Côté J. E. (2014). The dangerous myth of emerging adulthood: an evidence-based critique of a flawed developmental theory. Appl. Dev. Sci. 18, 177–188. doi: 10.1080/10888691.2014.954451
Côté J. E. (2016). The identity capital model: A handbook of theory, methods, and findings. London, ON: The University of Western Ontario.
Côté J. E. Allahar A. (1996). Generation on hold: coming of age in the late twentieth century. New York: New York University Press.
Côté J. E. Bynner J. M. (2008). Changes in the transition to adulthood in the UK and Canada: the role of structure and agency in emerging adulthood. J. Youth Stud. 11, 251–268. doi: 10.1080/13676260801946464
Côté J. E. Levine C. (2014). Identity formation, agency, and culture: A social psychological synthesis. 2nd Edn. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
Di Cristo N. Akwei C. (2023). “Wish to dream” fulfilment: the motivations for onward migration. J. Int. Migr. Integr. 24, 989–1016. doi: 10.1007/s12134-022-00988-5
Dustmann C. Weiss Y. (2007). Return migration: theory and empirical evidence from the UK. Br. J. Ind. Relat. 45, 236–256. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00613.x
EMN (2021). Luxembourg 2021- EMN country factsheet August 2022, Main developments in migration and international protection, including latest statistics. Available at: https://emnluxembourg.uni.lu/wp-content/uploads/sites/225/2022/08/emn_factsheet2021_lu.pdf
Engberson G. (2012). “Migration transitions in an era of liquid migration. Reflections on Fassmann and Reeger” in European immigrations: Trends, structures and policy implications. ed. Okolski M. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press), 91–105.
Erdal M. B. (2013). Migrant balancing acts: understanding the interactions between integration and transnationalism. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 39, 867–884. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.765647
Eurostat (2023). Euroindicators. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/16668052/3-03052023-AP-EN.pdf/4dd1dbd5-c63a-7a89-59fb-925a2669e99a?version=1.0&t=1683030223208
Fazel M. Wheeler J. Danesh J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 365, 1309–1314. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
Finney N. Nazroo J. Becares L. Kapadia D. Shlomo N. (2023). Racism and ethnic inequality in a time of crisis. Bristol: Policy Press.
Furstenberg F. F. (2010). On a new schedule: transitions to adulthood and family change. Futur. Child. 20, 67–87. doi: 10.1353/foc.0.0038, PMID: 20364622
Gilodi A. Albert I. Nienaber B. (2022). Vulnerability in the context of migration: a critical overview and a new conceptual model. Hum. Arenas. doi: 10.1007/s42087-022-00288-5
Gilodi A. Richard C. Albert I. Nienaber B. (2023). The vulnerability of Young refugees living in reception Centres in Luxembourg: an overview of conditions and experiences across subjective temporal imaginaries. Soc. Sci. 12:102. doi: 10.3390/socsci12020102
Godsay S. Brodsky A. E. (2018). “I believe in that movement and I believe in that chant”: the influence of black lives matter on resilience and empowerment. Community Psychol. Global Perspect. 4, 55–72. doi: 10.1285/I24212113V4I2P55
Grzymala-Kazlowska A. (2016). Social anchoring: immigrant identity, security and integration reconnected? Sociology 50, 1123–1139. doi: 10.1177/0038038515594091
Hartonen V. R. Pöllänen S. Karlsson L. Väisänen P. (2023). Asylum seekers’ experiences of participatory barriers in the educative pre-integrational programmes. European Educ. Res. J. 23, 366–386. doi: 10.1177/14749041221142419
Hartonen V. R. Väisänen P. Karlsson L. Pöllänen S. (2022). A stage of limbo: a meta-synthesis of refugees’ liminality. Appl. Psychol. 71, 1132–1167. doi: 10.1111/apps.12349
Hayes R. B. (2022). A systems approach to a resilience assessment for agility. Syst. Sci. Control Engineer. 10, 955–964. doi: 10.1080/21642583.2022.2148138
Hendry L. Kloep M. (2012). Adolescence and adulthood: Transitions and transformations. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hoefinger H. Musto J. Macioti P. G. Fehrenbacher A. E. Mai N. Bennachie C. et al. (2019). Community-based responses to negative health impacts of sexual humanitarian anti-trafficking policies and the criminalization of sex work and migration in the US. Sociol. Sci. 9:1. doi: 10.3390/socsci9010001
Hunt J. Eisenberg D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. J. Adolesc. Health 46, 3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008
Hussmanns R. (2010). Measurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment – Current international standards and issues in their application. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Kenny A. (2022). Music facilitator experiences of working in asylum seeker centres: complexities, dilemmas and opportunities. Int. J. Music. Educ. 40, 542–553. doi: 10.1177/02557
Kenny A. Young K. (2022). ‘The house of the Irish’: African migrant musicians and the creation of diasporic space at night. Ethnomusicology Forum 31, 332–352. doi: 10.1080/17411912.2021.1938623
King V. Koller H. (2015). “Jugend im Kontext von Migration. Adoleszente Entwicklungs-und Bildungsverläufe zwischen elterlichen Aufstiegserwartungen und sozialen Ausgrenzungserfahrungen” in Jugend, Theoriediskurse und Forschungsfelder. eds. Sandring S. Helsper W. Krüger H.-H. (Wiesbaden: Springer VS), 105–127.
Kolnberger T. Koff H. (2021). Addressing seeming paradoxes by embracing them: small state theory and the integration of migrants. Comp. Migr. Stud. 9:14. doi: 10.1186/s40878-021-00222-8
Kosidou K. Hellner-Gumpert C. Fredlund P. Dalman C. Hallqvist J. Isacsson G. et al. (2012). Immigration, transition into adult life and social adversity in relation to psychological distress and suicide attempts among Young adults. PLoS One 7:e46284. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046284
Levy B. (2009). Stereotype embodiment: a psychosocial approach to aging. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 18, 332–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x, PMID: 20802838
Ligon E. Schechter L. (2003). Measuring vulnerability. Econ. J. 113, C95–C102. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00117
Loi du 28 juillet 2018 relative au revenu d’inclusion sociale et portant modification, Art 2 and 3 (2018). Mémorial A630, No Doc. Parl. 7113, Chambre des Députés du Grand Duché du Luxembourg, du 10 juillet 2018 et celle du Conseil d’État du 17 juillet 2018. Available at: https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2018/07/28/a630/jo
Luthar S. S. Ansary N. S. (2005). Dimensions of adolescent rebellion: risks for academic failure among high- and low-income youth. Dev. Psychopathol. 17, 231–250. doi: 10.1017/S0954579405050121, PMID: 15971768
Luthar S. S. Cicchetti D. (2000). The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Dev. Psychopathol. 12, 857–885. doi: 10.1017/s0954579400004156
Martin B. (1994). Understanding class segmentation in the labour market: an empirical study of earnings determination in Australia. Work Employ. Soc. 8, 357–385,
Masten A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Dev. 85, 6–20. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12205
Masten A. S. (2021). Resilience of children in disasters: a multisystem perspective. Int. J. Psychol. 56, 1–11. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12737
Masten A. S. Cicchetti D. (2016). “Resilience in development: Progress and transformation” in Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention. ed. Cicchetti D. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons), 271–333.
Meyer R. Vasey H. (2020). Immigration, social networks, and the emergence of ethnic segmentation in a low-skill labor market. Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. 38, 387–404. doi: 10.1177/0894439318815636
Oliveira J. E. Mendonça M. Coimbra S. Fontaine A. M. (2014). Family support in the transition to adulthood in Portugal: its effects on identity capital development, uncertainty management and psychological well-being. J. Adolesc. 37, 1449–1462. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.004
Papadopoulos R. K. Gionakis N. (2018). The neglected complexities of refugee fathers. Psychotherapy and Politics Int. 16:e1438. doi: 10.1002/ppi.1438
Rytter M. (2018). Writing against integration: Danish imaginaries of culture. Race and Belonging. Ethnos 1:20. doi: 10.1080/00141844.2018.1458745
Salazar N. B. Jayaram K. (2016). Keywords of mobility: Critical engagements, vol. 1. 1st Edn. New York: Berghahn Books.
Sam D. L. Berry J. W. (2010). Acculturation: when individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5, 472–481. doi: 10.1177/1745691610373075
Scabini E. Marta E. Lanz M. (2006). The transition to adulthood and family relations: An intergenerational approach. New York: Psychology Press.
Schinkel W. (2018). Against ‘immigrant integration’: for an end to neocolonial knowledge production. Comp. Migr. Stud. 6:31. doi: 10.1186/s40878-018-0095-1
Schoon I. Bynner J. (2017). Youth employment: What works? Key findings from a knowledge review. London: Institute of Education Press.
Schoon I. Bynner J. (2019). Young people and the great recession: variations in the school-to-work transition in Europe and the United States. Longitudinal and Life Course Stud. 10, 153–173. doi: 10.1332/175795919X15514456677349
Schwartz S. J. Salas-Wright C. P. Pérez-Gómez A. Mejía-Trujillo J. Brown E. C. Montero-Zamora P. et al. (2018). Cultural stress and psychological symptoms in recent Venezuelan immigrants to the United States and Colombia. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 67, 25–34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.09.001
Seligman M. E. P. (1991). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. Second Edn. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Settersten R. A. Ray B. (2010). What’s going on with young people today? The long and twisting path to adulthood. Futur. Child. 20, 19–41. doi: 10.1353/foc.0.0044, PMID: 20364620
Siller H. Aydin N. (2022). Using an intersectional Lens on vulnerability and resilience in minority and/or marginalized groups during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Front. Psychol. 13:894103. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894103
Skrobanek J. Jobst S. (2019). “Liquid integration? Thinking beyond conventional understanding” in Migration as a resource for socio-economic and demographic development. eds. Ryazantsev S. V. Khramova M. N. Maximova A. S., Series Demographics Sociology Economy, vol. 05 (Moskow: Econ-Inform), 307–321.
Spire A. (2015). Capital, reproduction sociale et fabrique des inégalités. Annales, Histoire, Sci. Sociales 70, 61–68. doi: 10.1353/ahs.2015.0150
Standing G. (2014). The precariat: The new dangerous class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
STATEC (2022). Luxembourg in Figures. Available at: https://statistiques.public.lu/en/publications/series/luxembourg-en-chiffres/2022/luxembourg-en-chiffres-2022.html
Titzmann P. F. Lee R. M. (2022). New temporal concepts of acculturation in immigrant youth. Child Dev. Perspect. 16, 165–172. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12458
Turner V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Twenge J. M. (2017). iGen: Why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy–and completely unprepared for adulthood–and what that means for the rest of us. New York: Atria Books.
Udah H. Singh P. Holscher D. Cartmel J. L. (2019). Experiences of vulnerability and sources of resilience among immigrants and refugees. Australasian Rev. African Stud. 40, 81–100. doi: 10.22160/22035184/ARAS-2019-40-1/81-100
Ungar M. (2018). Systemic resilience: principles and processes for a science of change in contexts of adversity. Ecol. Soc. 23:34. doi: 10.5751/ES-10385-230434
UNICEF (2017). Harrowing Journeys-Children and youth on the move across the Mediterranean Sea, at risk of trafficking and exploitation. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/harrowing-journeys/
United Nations (2018). Principles and Guidelines supported by practical guidance, on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Migration/PrinciplesAndGuidelines.pdf
Valsiner J. (2022). We are all migrants. Comparative Migration Stud. 10:2. doi: 10.1186/s40878-021-00276-8
Verbena S. Rochira A. Mannarini T. (2022). “A long journey to happiness”: the young immigrants’ experiences through the Transconceptual model of empowerment and resilience. Curr. Psychol. 42, 31478–31494. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-04154-z
Ward C. (2001). “The a, B, Cs of acculturation” in The handbook of culture and psychology. ed. Matsumoto D. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 411–445.
Weiss H. (2021). “Social reproduction” in The Open Encyclopaedia of Anthropology. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. ed. Stein F..
Wieviorka M. (2014). A critique of integration. Identities 21, 633–641. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2013.8286122
Willems H. Weis D. Biewers S. Haas C. Heinen A. Joachim P. et al. (2015). “The transition from youth into adulthood” in Summary of the National Report on the situation of Young people in Luxembourg 2015 (Luxembourg: MENJE-UL). Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10993/27959
Zabaniotou A. (2020). A systemic approach to resilience and ecological sustainability during the COVID-19 pandemic: human, societal, and ecological health as a system-wide emergent property in the Anthropocene. Global Transitions I, 116–126. doi: 10.1016/j.glt.2020.06.002
