violent video games; desensitization; pain; pain perception; mood
Résumé :
[en] In contrast to findings that violent video game (VVG) exposure has a desensitizing effect on empathy and physiological reactivity to scenes of violence [1], no desensitization was found for player responses to pain stimuli in three lab experiments. Compared to a non-violent game, VVG exposure neither affected physiological responses, nor participants’ self-reports of perceived pain caused by thermal stress. In addition, the level of game immersion did not affect pain perception, pain tolerance, or aggressive behavior (study 3). In contrast, violent game preference was associated with lower reports of perceived proximal pain, distal pain, and greater antisocial behavior. However, all studies confirmed the detrimental effect of VVG on emotion: participants reported lower positive and greater negative affect after playing the violent compared to the nonviolent game. In sum, the present findings speak against a generalized desensitization effect of VVG on the player. Rather, our findings further support the notion of pain and pain-related responses as complex and multidimensional, modulated by individual, physiological, and contextual factors.
Disciplines :
Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
Auteur, co-auteur :
WAGENER, Gary Lee ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS)
MELZER, André ; University of Luxembourg > Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (FHSE) > Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (DBCS)
Co-auteurs externes :
yes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Comfortably Numb? Violent Video Games and Their Effects on Aggression, Mood, and Pain-Related Responses
Date de publication/diffusion :
novembre 2022
Nom de la manifestation :
The 21st IFIP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENTERTAINMENT COMPUTING
Calvert, S.L., et al.: The American psychological association task force assessment of violent video games: science in the service of public interest. Am. Psychol. 72, 126–143 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040413
Melzack, R.: Evolution of the neuromatrix theory of pain. In: The Prithvi Raj Lecture: Presented at the Third World Congress of World Institute of Pain, Barcelona 2004. Pain Practice. 5, pp. 85–94 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2005.05203.x
Bushman, B.J., Huesmann, L.R.: Twenty-five years of research on violence in digital games and aggression revisited: a reply to. Eur. Psychol. 19, 47–55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000164
Bushman, B.J., Gollwitzer, M., Cruz, C.: There is broad consensus: media researchers agree that violent media increase aggression in children, and pediatricians and parents concur. Psychol. Pop. Media Cult. 4, 200–214 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000046
Ferguson, C.J.: Pay no attention to that data behind the curtain: on angry birds, happy children, scholarly squabbles, publication bias, and why betas rule metas. Perspect Psychol Sci. 10, 683–691 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615593353
Ferguson, C.J.: Aggressive video games research emerges from its replication crisis (Sort of). Current Opinion in Psychology 36, 16 (2020)
Ferguson, C.J., Colwell, J.: Understanding why scholars hold different views on the influences of video games on public health: opinions on video game influences on public health. J Commun. 67, 305–327 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12293
Scharrer, E., Kamau, G., Warren, S., Zhang, C.: Violent video games DO promote aggression. 28
Allen, J.J., Anderson, C.A., Bushman, B.J.: The general aggression model. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 19, 75–80 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.034
Anderson, C.A., et al.: Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychol. Bull. 136, 151– 173 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
Bartholow, B.D., Bushman, B.J., Sestir, M.A.: Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: behavioral and event-related brain potential data. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 42, 532–539 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.006
Engelhardt, C.R., Bartholow, B.D., Kerr, G.T., Bushman, B.J.: This is your brain on violent video games: neural desensitization to violence predicts increased aggression following violent video game exposure. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 47, 1033–1036 (2011). https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jesp.2011.03.027
Gentile, D.A., Swing, E.L., Anderson, C.A., Rinker, D., Thomas, K.M.: Differential neural recruitment during violent video game play in violent-and nonviolent-game players. Psychol. Pop. Media Cult. 5, 39–51 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000009
Hartmann, T., Vorderer, P.: It’s okay to shoot a character: moral disengagement in violent video games. J. Commun. 60, 94–119 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.014 59.x
Lee, E.-H., et al.: The effects of video games on aggression, sociality, and affect: a meta-analytic study. KOSES. 23(4), 41–60 (2020). https://doi.org/10.14695/KJSOS.2020.23.4.41
Mathiak, K.A., Klasen, M., Weber, R., Ackermann, H., Shergill, S.S., Mathiak, K.: Reward system and temporal pole contributions to affective evaluation during a first person shooter video game. BMC Neurosci. 12, 66 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-12-66
Bushman, B.J., Anderson, C.A.: Comfortably numb: desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychol Sci. 20, 273–277 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009. 02287.x
Funk, J.B., Baldacci, H.B., Pasold, T., Baumgardner, J.: Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization? J. Adolesc. 27, 23–39 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.005
Brockmyer, J.F.: Desensitization and violent video games. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 31, 121–132 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2021.06.005
Primack, B.A., et al.: Role of video games in improving health-related outcomes. Am. J. Prev. Med. 42, 630–638 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.023
Stephens, R., Allsop, C.: Effect of manipulated state aggression on pain tolerance. Psychol Rep. 111, 311–321 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2466/16.02.20.PR0.111.4.311-321
Miedzobrodzka, E., van Hooff, J.C., Konijn, E.A., Krabbendam, L.: Is it painful? playing violent video games affects brain responses to painful pictures: an event-related potential study. Psychology of Popular Media. 11, 13–23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000290
Karcioglu, O., Topacoglu, H., Dikme, O., Dikme, O.: A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: which to use? Am. J. Emerg. Med. 36, 707–714 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ajem.2018.01.008
Watson, D., Anna, L., Tellegen, A.: Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. 8
Buss, A.H., Perry, M.: The Aggression Questionnaire. 8
Herzberg, P.Y.: Faktorstruktur, Gütekriterien und Konstruktvalidität der deutschen Überset-zung des Aggressionsfragebogens von Buss und Perry. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 24, 311–323 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1024/0170-1789.24.4.311
Ruscheweyh, R., Marziniak, M., Stumpenhorst, F., Reinholz, J., Knecht, S.: Pain sensitivity can be assessed by self-rating: Development and validation of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire. Pain 146(1-2), 6574 (2009)
Davis, M.H.: Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44, 113–126 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44. 1.113
Paulus: (2009)
Forte, G., Troisi, G., Pazzaglia, M., Pascalis, V.D., Casagrande, M.: Heart rate variability and pain: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 12, 153 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci1 2020153
Warburton, W.A., Bushman, B.J.: The competitive reaction time task: the development and scientific utility of a flexible laboratory aggression paradigm. Aggr Behav. 45, 389–396 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21829
Kaufmann, T., Sütterlin, S., Schulz, S.M., Vögele, C.: ARTiiFACT: a tool for heart rate artifact processing and heart rate variability analysis. Behav Res. 43, 1161–1170 (2011). https://doi. org/10.3758/s13428-011-0107-7
Shaffer, F., Ginsberg, J.P.: An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front. Public Health. 5, 258 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258
Lull, R.B., Bushman, B.J.: Immersed in violence: presence mediates the effect of 3D violent video gameplay on angry feelings. Psychol. Pop. Media Cult. 5, 133–144 (2016). https://doi. org/10.1037/ppm0000062
Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., Cuthbert, B.N.: International affective picture system (IAPS): affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (2008)
Happ, C., Pfetsch, J.: Medienbasierte Empathie (MBE): Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Erfassung empathischer Reaktionen bei Mediennutzung. Diagnostica 62, 110–125 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000152
Saleem, M., Anderson, C.A., Gentile, D.A.: Effects of prosocial, neutral, and violent video games on college students’ affect: violent video games and students’ affect. Aggr Behav. 38, 263–271 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21427
Hasan, Y., Eldous, H.: The role of personality traits and situational factors as determinants of aggression. TOPSYJ. 13, 282–288 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010282
Winkel, M., Novak, D.M., Hopson, H.: Personality factors, subject gender, and the effects of aggressive video games on aggression in adolescents. J. Res. Pers. 21, 211–223 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(87)90008-0
Markey, P.M., Markey, C.N.: Vulnerability to violent video games: a review and integration of personality research. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 14, 82–91 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019000
Greitemeyer, T.: Everyday sadism predicts violent video game preferences. Personality Individ. Differ. 75, 19–23 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.049
Greitemeyer, T., Sagioglou, C.: The longitudinal relationship between everyday sadism and the amount of violent video game play. Personality Individ. Differ. 104, 238–242 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.021
Wagener, G.L.: Presented at the (2020)
Ivarsson, M., Anderson, M., Åkerstedt, T., Lindblad, F.: Playing a violent television game affects heart rate variability. Acta Paediatr. 98, 166–172 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1651-2227.2008.01096.x
Barcatta, K., Holl, E., Battistutta, L., van der Meulen, M., Rischer, K.M.: When less is more: investigating factors influencing the distraction effect of virtual reality from pain. Front. Pain Res. 2, 800258 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2021.800258
Gupta, A., Scott, K., Dukewich, M.: Innovative technology using virtual reality in the treatment of pain: does it reduce pain via distraction, or is there more to it? Pain Med. 19, 151–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx109
Goodson, S., Turner, K.J., Pearson, S.L., Carter, P.: Violent video games and the P300: no evidence to support the neural desensitization hypothesis. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 24, 48–55 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0029
Read, G.L., Ballard, M., Emery, L.J., Bazzini, D.G.: Examining desensitization using facial electromyography: violent videogames, gender, and affective responding. Comput. Hum. Behav. 62, 201–211 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.074
Gao, X., Pan, W., Li, C., Weng, L., Yao, M., Chen, A.: Long-time exposure to violent video games does not show desensitization on empathy for pain: an fmri study. Front. Psychol. 8, 650 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00650
Kühn, S., Kugler, D., Schmalen, K., Weichenberger, M., Witt, C., Gallinat, J.: The myth of blunted gamers: no evidence for desensitization in empathy for pain after a violent video game intervention in a longitudinal fMRI study on non-gamers. Neurosignals 26, 22–30 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1159/000487217
Szycik, G.R., Mohammadi, B., Münte, T.F., te Wildt, B.T.: Lack of Evidence That neural empathic responses are blunted in excessive users of violent video games: an fMRI study. Front. Psychol. 8, 174 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00174
