Radio Regulation Compliance of NGSO Constellations’ Interference towards GSO Ground Stations

The commercial low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite
constellations have shown unprecedented growth. Accordingly,
the risk of generating harmful interference to the geostationary
orbit (GSO) satellite services increases with the number of satel-
lites in such mega-constellations. As the GSO arc encompasses
the primary and existing satellite assets providing essential fixed
and broadcasting satellite services, the interference avoidance
for this area is of the utmost importance. In particular, non-
geostationary orbit (NGSO) operators should comply with the
regulations set up both by their national regulators and by the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to minimize the
impact of emissions on existing GSO and non-GSO systems. In
this paper, we first provide an overview of the most recent radio
regulations that dictate the NGSO-GSO spectral co-existence.
Next, we analyze the NGSO-GSO radio frequency interference
for the downlink scenario, following the so-called time-simulation
methodology introduced by ITU. The probability distribution of
aggregated power flux-density for NGSO co-channel interference
is evaluated and assessed, adopting different degrees of exclusion
angle strategy for interference avoidance. We conclude the paper
by discussing the resulting implications for the continuity of
operation and service provision and we provide remarks for
future work