Discrimination of sweet-fat ingredients in people with weight and eating-related problems using a signal detection theory

in Journal of Sensory Studies (2022)

Less efficient cognitive pain modulation in healthy older adults – the impact of executive functions, chronic stress, and physical activity

in Heinrichs, Markus; Schönauer, Monika (Eds.) 47. Jahrestagung Psychologie und Gehirn (2022)

Demographic change and the associated increasing prevalence of chronic pain have contributed to increased research interest in the field of aging. Aging has been associated with less efficient pain ... [more ▼]

Demographic change and the associated increasing prevalence of chronic pain have contributed to increased research interest in the field of aging. Aging has been associated with less efficient pain inhibition through cognitive distraction. As pain modulation and executive functioning mainly involve the prefrontal cortical network, which shows age-related atrophy, we hypothesized an association between deteriorating cognitive modulation of pain in healthy older adults and reduced executive functions. As chronic stress can decrease executive functioning through prefrontal cortical impairment, we expected a negative impact on distraction from pain. In contrast, physical activity can have a stress-buffering effect and positively influences executive functions in older age. Therefore, increased physical activity should lead to better distraction from pain. Healthy young (18 -30 years) and older adults (65+ years) took part in a pain distraction paradigm (N-back) while receiving non-painful and moderately painful electric stimuli. Before, we examined executive functions, including response inhibition (Go/No-Go-task), inhibitory control (Stroop task), and working memory (Sternberg task). Additionally, chronic stress and physical activity were assessed using self-report questionnaires, supported by physiological measurements (heart rate variability). Preliminary results indicate a negative impact of chronic stress on distraction from pain particular in young participants, while physical fitness was related to more successful pain modulation in older adults. Our final results will contribute to a more differentiated view on executive functioning and pain modulation in aging, thereby leading to a better understanding of the impact of aging on non-pharmacological pain treatment and to better adapted pain therapies in this population. [less ▲]

Gastrische Interozeption und gastrische myoelektrische Aktivität bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen und Reizdarmsyndrom

in Heinrichs, Markus; Schönauer, Monika (Eds.) 47. Jahrestagung Psychologie und Gehirn (2022)

Viszerale Hypersensitivität wird als zentraler Mechanismus bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) und Reizdarmsyndrom (RDS) diskutiert, welche beide mit einer erheblichen Einschränkung der ... [more ▼]

Viszerale Hypersensitivität wird als zentraler Mechanismus bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) und Reizdarmsyndrom (RDS) diskutiert, welche beide mit einer erheblichen Einschränkung der Lebensqualität einhergehen. Bisherige Studien verwenden zumeist invasive Verfahren, die jedoch typischerweise mit der Messung viszeraler Wahrnehmung interferieren. Diese Studie untersucht daher, ob CED und RDS mit einer veränderten Wahrnehmung „natürlicher“ (nicht-invasiver) gastrischer Dehnungen assoziiert sind („Interozeption“). Zwanzig CED-Patienten in Remission (13 Morbus Crohn, 7 Colitis Ulcerosa), 12 RDS-Patienten, sowie 20/12 parallelisierte gesunde Kontrollprobanden absolvierten den 2-stufigen Water-Load-Test, bei dem eine beliebige Menge Wasser getrunken wird, bis die subjektiven Schwelle der Sättigung (Stufe 1) und des Völlegefühls (Stufe 2) erreicht sind. Gastrische Motilität wurde mittels Elektrogastrographie untersucht. CED-Patienten tranken signifikant mehr Wasser bis zur Sättigungsschwelle als RDS-Patienten, während es keine Unterschiede zu den Kontrollgruppen gab. Die getrunkene Wassermenge bis zur Schwelle des Völlegefühls unterschied sich nicht zwischen den Gruppen. Die elektrogastrographischen Muster zeigten ebenfalls keine Gruppenunterschiede, was impliziert, dass es keine Pathologien in der gastrischen Motilität gab. Die getrunkene Wassermenge bis zur Sättigung korrelierte negativ mit darmbezogener Lebensqualität bei CED-Patienten, aber positiv mit emotionalem Wohlbefinden bei RDS-Patienten. Diese Ergebnisse legen eine relative gastrische Hypersensitivität bei RDS und eine relative gastrische Hyposensitivität bei CED nahe, was jeweils mit spezifischen Facetten der wahrgenommenen Lebensqualität assoziiert ist. [less ▲]

Improving food shopping behaviour: a model-based review of mobile applications to assist with healthy and sustainable grocery shopping

in Computers in Human Behavior (2021)

Évaluation de la validité des critères du Trouble lié au Jeu Vidéo en ligne selon le DSM-5 : Une approche en “Machine Learning”

Scientific Conference (2021, June 01)

INTRODUCTION : En 2013, le trouble lié au jeu vidéo en ligne (TJV) a été introduit dans la section III du DSM-5 qui répertorie les troubles émergents nécessitant plus de recherche avant d’être ... [more ▼]

INTRODUCTION : En 2013, le trouble lié au jeu vidéo en ligne (TJV) a été introduit dans la section III du DSM-5 qui répertorie les troubles émergents nécessitant plus de recherche avant d’être potentiellement reconnus [1]. 9 critères de diagnostic ont été proposés à partir de ceux initialement établis pour les troubles liés à l’utilisation de substance et au jeu d’argent [2]. Certains de ces critères, comme l’augmentation progressive du temps de jeu, ont été critiqués quant à leur validité vis-à-vis de l’évaluation du TJV [3]. Bien que le score seuil proposé par le DSM-5 pour établir un diagnostic semble soutenu dans la littérature [4], la présence de critères jugés peu pertinents par les experts rend possible une sur-pathologisation des joueurs fortement engagés dans les jeux vidéo [5]. Le Machine Learning (ML) représente une opportunité d’innovation dans l’évaluation de la validité des critères d’un outil diagnostic (validité clinique, utilité clinique, valeur pronostique). Bien que le ML soit de plus en plus utilisé en psychologie, il n’y a à notre connaissance aucune étude qui a utilisé cette approche pour tester la validité des critères proposés pour définir le TJV selon le DSM-5. OBJECTIF : Évaluer la validité des critères du DSM-5 concernant le TJV en fonction du score seuil de diagnostic (cut-off) prédéterminé et observer l’apport du ML. MATERIEL ET METHODE : Trois bases de données venant de deux études publiées [6, 7] et d’une étude non publiée ont été regroupées afin d’obtenir un échantillon final de 412 répondants. Les participants sont âgés entre 18 et 43 ans (M=21.89, SD=3.42), présentent un temps de jeux hebdomadaire allant de 1 à 70 heures (M=12.36, SD=9.06) et ont répondu de façon dichotomique à un questionnaire en ligne évaluant la présence des 9 critères du DSM-5 [2]. Aucun style de jeu en ligne particulier n’est ciblé. Selon le DSM-5, 95 (23%) participants présenteraient un TJV. Pour les statistiques traditionnelles, nous avons calculé les scores de Khi carré pour chaque critère du DSM-5. Concernant le ML, nous avons entraîné 2500 forêts d’arbres décisionnels et nous avons ensuite calculé pour chaque critère la moyenne de son importance au sein des 2500 modèles de prédiction entrainés. RESULTATS : Dans les deux types d’analyses, les critères de perte de contrôle et de perte d’intérêt ont obtenu les plus hauts scores. Les analyses de ML considèrent le critère de préoccupation comme étant le moins important. Du côté des statistiques traditionnelles, le critère de tolérance obtient la plus faible valeur. DISCUSSION : Le rajout du ML dans nos analyses a permis de confirmer la pertinence des critères de perte de contrôle et de perte d’intérêt repéré dans les analyses faites à l’aide des statistiques traditionnelles. De plus, le ML a attiré notre attention sur le critère de préoccupation comme étant potentiellement non valide, à l’instar du critère de tolérance dont la faible validité a été mise en lumière par les statistiques traditionnelles. Utiliser plusieurs méthodes d’analyse pour évaluer les critères d’un outil de diagnostic a apporté un avantage certain à notre étude et semble prometteur pour l’avenir. Bibliographie [1] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. [2] Petry, N. M., Rehbein, F., Gentile, D. A., Lemmens, J. S., Rumpf, H. J., Mößle, T., Bischof, G., Tao, R., Fung, D. S. S., Borges, G., Auriacombe, M., González Ibáñez, A., Tam, P., & O’Brien, C. P. (2014). An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach. Addiction, 109(9), 1399–1406. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12457 [3] Castro-Calvo, J., King, D. L., Stein, D. J., Brand, M., Carmi, L., Chamberlain, S. R., Demetrovics, Z., Fineberg, N. A., Rumpf, H. J., Yücel, M., Achab, S., Ambekar, A., Bahar, N., Blaszczynski, A., Bowden-Jones, H., Carbonell, X., Chan, E. M. Lo, Ko, C. H., de Timary, P., … Billieux, J. (2021). Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: an international Delphi study. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15411 [4] Ko, CH., Yen, JY., Chen, SH., Wang, PW., Chen, CS., Yen, CF. (2014). Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan. J. Psychiatr. Res. 53:103–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.008 [5] Billieux, J., Flayelle, M., Rumpf, H.-J., & Stein, D. J. (2019). High Involvement Versus Pathological Involvement in Video Games: a Crucial Distinction for Ensuring the Validity and Utility of Gaming Disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 6(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00259-x [6] Deleuze, J., Long, J., Liu, T. Q., Maurage, P., & Billieux, J. (2018). Passion or addiction? Correlates of healthy versus problematic use of videogames in a sample of French-speaking regular players. Addictive Behaviors, 82(March), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.031 [7] Deleuze, J., Nuyens, F., Rochat, L., Rothen, S., Maurage, P., & Billieux, J. (2017). Established risk factors for addiction fail to discriminate between healthy gamers and gamers endorsing DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.074 [less ▲]

Gastric interoception and gastric myoelectrical activity in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder

in International Journal of Eating Disorders (2021), 54(7), 1106-1115

Objective: Identifying factors that control food intake is crucial to the understanding and treatment of eating disorders characterized by binge eating. In healthy individuals, stomach distension plays an ... [more ▼]

Objective: Identifying factors that control food intake is crucial to the understanding and treatment of eating disorders characterized by binge eating. In healthy individuals, stomach distension plays an important role in the development of satiation, but gastric sensations might be overridden in binge eating. The present study investigated the perception of gastric signals (i.e., gastric interoception) and gastric motility in patients experiencing binge eating episodes, i.e. bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED). Method: Twenty-nine patients with BN or BED (ED group) and 32 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy controls (HC group) participated in the study. The onset of satiation and stomach fullness were assessed using a novel 2-step water load test (WLT-II). Gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) was measured by electrogastrography (EGG) before and after ingestion of non-caloric water. Results: Individuals in the ED group drank significantly more water until reporting satiation during the WLT-II. The percentage of normal gastric myoelectrical power was significantly smaller in the ED group compared to HC, and negatively related to the number of objective binge-eating episodes per week in bulimic patients. Power in the bradygastria range was greater in ED than in HC subjects. Discussion: Patients with EDs have a delayed response to satiation compared to HC participants, together with abnormal GMA. Repeated binge eating episodes may induce disturbances to gastric motor function. [less ▲]

Mood-induced changes in the cortical processing of food images in bulimia nervosa

in Addictive Behaviors (2021), 113

Background Negative mood often triggers binge eating in bulimia nervosa (BN). We investigated motivational salience as a possible underlying mechanism using event-related potentials (ERPs) as indicators ... [more ▼]

Background Negative mood often triggers binge eating in bulimia nervosa (BN). We investigated motivational salience as a possible underlying mechanism using event-related potentials (ERPs) as indicators of motivated attention allocation (P300) and sustained processing (LPP). Methods We collected ERPs (P300: 350–400 ms; LPP: 600–1000 ms) from 21 women with full-syndrome or partially remitted BN and 21 healthy women (HC), matched for age and body mass index. Idiosyncratic negative and neutral situations were used to induce corresponding mood states (counterbalanced), before participants viewed images of high- and low-calorie foods and neutral objects, and provided ratings for pleasantness and desire to eat. Results P300 was larger for foods than objects; LPP was largest for high-calorie foods, followed by low-calorie foods, then objects. The BN group showed an increased desire to eat high-calorie foods under negative mood and stronger mood induction effects on ERPs than the HC group, with generally reduced P300 and a small increase in LPP for high-calorie foods. Effects were limited to circumscribed electrode positions. Exploratory analyses showed clearer effects when comparing high vs. low emotional eaters. Conclusion We argue that negative mood decreased the availability of cognitive resources (decreased P300) in BN, thereby facilitating disinhibition and food cravings (increased desire-to-eat ratings). Increased sustained processing might be linked to emotional eating tendencies rather than BN pathology per se, and reflect approach motivation, conflict, or regulatory processes. Negative mood appears to induce complex changes in food image processing, whose understanding may contribute to the development of tailored interventions in the future. [less ▲]

Interoceptive Approaches to Embodiment Research

in Robinson, Michael D.; Thomas, Laura E. (Eds.) Handbook of Embodied Psychology: Thinking, Feeling, and Acting. (2021)

Interoception refers to the processing and perception of signals arising from inside the body. Currently, there are two alternative conceptualizations of interoception: (1) an ‘inclusive’ view considering ... [more ▼]

Interoception refers to the processing and perception of signals arising from inside the body. Currently, there are two alternative conceptualizations of interoception: (1) an ‘inclusive’ view considering all bodily signals from inside the body as relevant for interoception, and (2) an ‘exclusive’ view, which is based on receptor types and neurophysiology, and, therefore, a focus on visceroception. These conceptualizations have different implications for the underlying neurophysiology and, therefore, the mechanisms behind embodiment. Thereafter, we discuss current models of interoception and provide definitions of the most common interoceptive terms, which include interoceptive accuracy, sensibility, sensitivity, awareness, and prediction error. We then present examples of interoceptive paradigms to assess different elements of interoception models. Typical interoceptive indicators include self-reports, behavioral measures, and neurophysiological indices. Finally, we discuss the link between interoceptive indicators and emotional experience and emotion regulation, consciousness, and decision-making. These findings illustrate the relevance of interoceptive indicators for embodiment. [less ▲]

Smartphone-based interventions for physical activity promotion: scoping review of the evidence over the last 10-years.

in Journal of Medical Internet Research (2021), 9(7), 24308

A randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based emotion regulation intervention for sexual health: study protocol

in Trials (2021), 22