Η έννοια της επίθεσης στο Διεθνές Δίκαιο

Book published by Sakkoulas Publications (2012)

The commission of aggressive wars is now forbidden by both customary and conventional International Law. Additionally, aggression itself constitutes a crime under International Criminal Law. After the ... [more ▼]

The commission of aggressive wars is now forbidden by both customary and conventional International Law. Additionally, aggression itself constitutes a crime under International Criminal Law. After the Second World War, aggression was universally condemned as the most serious international crime, nonetheless, its definition as a crime was only achieved in June 2010 at the Review Conference of the International Criminal Court. In the preamble of UN Charter, the ‘saving of succeeding generations from the scourge of war’ is set as the cornerstone of the UN’s foundation, however, until 2010, the international community had not achieved (nor had it demonstrated the will to agree on) a legally binding definition of aggression. The research for this dissertation was undertaken as a response to this peculiar finding. This thesis presents the evolution of the definition of aggression through the processes undertaken at the international level (both from the standpoint of state responsibility and of individual criminal responsibility) rather than examining the jus ad bellum, i.e. the requirements for the lawful use of armed force by states. In order to follow the distinction of the definition based on the criterion of liability, the thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part discusses the evolution of the concept of aggression in the context of state responsibility, culminating with the adoption of Resolution 3314 (XXIX) / 12.14.1974 of the General Assembly on the Definition of Aggression. The second part deals with aggression as a crime which carries individual criminal responsibility. It begins at Nuremberg and ends with an analysis of the definitional procedures and of the definition of aggression that was adopted in framework of the International Criminal Court. The analysis of these elements was performed with a combined methodology. A qualitative research method was employed in order to examine the content of different sources. Scarce case-studies were examined for the illustration of the historical events that took place mainly during the early attempts of the international community to denounce war. Additionally, a quantitative research method was used to determine the intent of the international community to define aggression (e.g., how many states voted in favor or against in every definitional procedure) and finally, the utilization of a narrative analysis when referring to historical events. Though the prohibition of aggression represents one of the most important rules of International Law, its application has not yet been fully embedded into the practice of states since they continue to commit aggressive acts, often defining their actions under different legal terms such as ‘self defense.’ Therefore, rather than actually deterring war, the legal rule of the prohibition of aggression has simply contributed to the renunciation of the term as demonstrated by the fact that very seldom do states now declare war officially. As stated eloquently by Benjamin Ferencz, ‘(…) it is seemingly easier to evoke aggression than to dispel it, and easier to commit aggression than to define it (…)’. The thesis concludes that the definition of aggression can and should be implemented as long as the different nature of the international organs that respond to aggression (specifically, the Security Council and the International Criminal Court) is understood. By itself, the prosecution of the crime of aggression by the International Criminal Court will not prevent the commission of wars or other serious international crimes. Nonetheless, in this process that began early last century, the application of the definition of aggression and the prosecution of the crime will still represent a significant accomplishment in humanity’s attempts to prevent and outlaw war. [less ▲]

Ηθικοί πανικοί, καταστάσεις άρνησης και οργανωμένο έγκλημα

in Καρύδης, Βασίλειος; Χουλιάρας, Αθανάσιος (Eds.) Ηθικοί πανικοί, εξουσία και δικαιώματα (2015)

Κριτικά Σημειώματα "Δρ Ελένη Αν. Kαββαδία: ΤΟ ΕΙΔΙΚΟ ΚΑΘΕΣΤΩΣ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΔΡΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΤΗΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ ΩΣ ΜΕΛΟΥΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗΣ ΈΝΩΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΥΠΗΚΟΩΝ ΣΕ ΧΩΡΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΒΑΛΚΑΝΙΩΝ:ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΜΠΕΙΡΙΚΟΙ ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΣΜΟΙ"

in Review of decentralization, local government and regional development (2018), 90(October-December 2017), 34-39

During the two decades from 1990 to 2010, the Balkans was the only European region to suffer a cruel reversal. On the one hand, it welcomed the transition to a free economy, despite the difficulties it ... [more ▼]

During the two decades from 1990 to 2010, the Balkans was the only European region to suffer a cruel reversal. On the one hand, it welcomed the transition to a free economy, despite the difficulties it had to overcome. On the other hand, it experienced the merciless reality of war, when it was convulsed by successive waves of various armed confrontations extending over most of its territory. These left severe and far-reaching post-conflict symptoms: a shattered economic and social base; unemployment and poverty bordering on humanitarian crisis; morale broken, infrastructure in ruins. Yet at the same time this fragmented, conflict-ridden region became the theatre of international collaboration of unprecedented quality and scale. With more than 22 donor/sponsor countries and investors, as well as international and multilateral organisations, the total flow of official development assistance and foreign direct investment in the region is estimated at more than 150 billion euro during the period in question. The region is therefore a model of reorganisation, restructuring and economic development. As an integral part of this broader geopolitical and economic scene, Greece is participating economically, in common with other ‘players’, in the ‘rebirth’ and integration of the region into the international community, both directly, by providing official development assistance (ODA) under the Hellenic Plan for the Economic Reconstruction of the Balkans (HPERB), and indirectly, by promoting Greece’s foreign direct investment (FDI) in the region in a variety of ways, mainly through subsidies. Thus, Greece evolved from a long-term ‘net importer’ of investments into an ‘exporter’ focused on the Balkans, where it ranked among the top sources of ODA and FDI. This study approaches the subject holistically, examining the dual nature of Greece’s involvement and analysing the broader economic and geopolitical setting. The dual economic involvement of the Greek State in the Balkans is also examined from a dual perspective within the scope of this doctoral thesis, both from a theoretical and from an empirical point of view, using business strategy models such as PEST, SWOT, VRIO, Porter models of ‘competitive forces’, and the ‘value chain’. This thesis examines the reasons why Greece’s involvement was inevitable; investigates the compatibility between Greece’s involvement and the country’s other commitments within the EU; studies the advisability and usefulness of the endeavour; compares Greece with other countries as a provider of ODA and FDI; analyses and evaluates the HPERB; assesses the role of the Greek State and any encouragement and guidance of FDI through Greek subsidies; and scrutinises the characteristics of Greek FDI, in terms of competitiveness and the links with the parent companies in Greece. This subject is novel in an academic context, because a survey of the References shows that this combined dual line of inquiry has not attracted scientific attention, as the existing studies focus on one or other of the two aspects, not both together. Furthermore, this paper is original in terms of method, firstly because it examines the subject from a new viewpoint, that of business strategy, and secondly because it uses the relevant models in new ways, with new applications. The subject, through the study of what has been achieved, remains ‘topical’ and retains its significance, as guidance to future policy makers and/or investors, especially during the current unfavourable economic situation in Greece, because, apart from any conclusions regarding the impact of Greek economic involvement in the Balkans, foreign markets represent a way out of the Greek recession. [less ▲]

λ-DNA Through porous materials – Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering in a simple plasmonic nanopore

in Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces (2020), 124(41), 22663-22670

Engineered electromagnetic fields in plasmonic nanopores enable enhanced optical detection for single molecule sensing and sequencing. Here, a plasmonic nanopore prepared in a thick nanoporous film is ... [more ▼]

Engineered electromagnetic fields in plasmonic nanopores enable enhanced optical detection for single molecule sensing and sequencing. Here, a plasmonic nanopore prepared in a thick nanoporous film is used to investigate, by means of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, the interaction between the metallic surface of the pore and a long-chain double strand DNA molecule free to diffuse through the pore. We discuss how the matrix of the porous material can interact with the molecule thanks to: i) transient aspecific interactions between the porous surface and DNA; ii) diffusion; iii) thermal and optical forces exerted by the localized field in a metallic nanostructure on the DNA molecule. An interaction time up to tens of milliseconds enables to collect high signal-to-noise Raman signatures, allowing an easy label-free reading of information from the DNA molecule. Moreover, to increase the rate of detection, we tested a polymeric porous hydrogel placed beneath the solid-state membrane. The hydrogel enables a slowdown of the molecule diffusion time, thus increasing the number of detected interaction events by a factor 20. The analysis of the observed Raman peaks and their relative intensities, combined with theoretical simulations, allow to get further information on the process of translocation and on the folding state and orientation of the translocating molecule. Our results demonstrate temporary adsorption of the DNA molecule on the porous material during the translocation due to the diffusion force. Finally, we provide a qualitative evaluation of the nucleotides’ contents in the different groups of collected signal. The proposed approach can find interesting applications not only in DNA sensing and sequencing, but also on generic nanopore spectroscopy. [less ▲]

Πλουραλισμός και δημοκρατία στο έργο των Σβώλου και Μάνεση.

in Sotirelis, George; Kessopoulos, Alexandros (Eds.) Από τον Αλέξανδρο Σβώλο στον Αριστόβουλο Μάνεση. Η κοινή θεωρητική θεμελίωση του ελληνικού δημοκρατικού συνταγματισμού. (2022)

Προστασία μαρτύρων δημοσίου συμφέροντος: Η νομολογία του Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαστηρίου Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου (ΕΔΔΑ)

Diverse speeches and writings (2018)

Σχολιασμος της απφ C-45/07

in Εuropoliteia (2009)

Το Επιλεκτικό Πλεονέκτημα

in Christianos, Vasileios; Rodopoulos, Michail (Eds.) Δίκαιο Κρατικών Ενισχύσεων (2020)

Υποστηρικτική εργαλειοθήκη για εκπαιδευτικούς

E-print/Working paper (2020)

Στο πλαίσιο του έργου BMC-EU (Βασικές Κινητικές Δεξιότητες στην Ευρώπη) αναπτύχθηκε το πλαίσιο υποστήριξης και η υποστηρικτική εργαλειοθήκη βάση του μοντέλου των βασικών κινητικών δεξιοτήτων και των ... [more ▼]

Στο πλαίσιο του έργου BMC-EU (Βασικές Κινητικές Δεξιότητες στην Ευρώπη) αναπτύχθηκε το πλαίσιο υποστήριξης και η υποστηρικτική εργαλειοθήκη βάση του μοντέλου των βασικών κινητικών δεξιοτήτων και των αποτελεσμάτων από τη συλλογή δεδομένων κατά τη φάση 1 του έργου, το οποίο αποτελεί μέρος της πνευματικής παραγωγής 3. Ο σκοπός της εργαλειοθήκης αυτής είναι να εφαρμοστεί στα μαθήματα φυσικής αγωγής, ώστε να προσαρμοστούν κατάλληλα τόσο το περιεχόμενο όσο και οι μέθοδοι διδασκαλίας της φυσικής αγωγής. Ως πρώτο βήμα, το υποστηρικτικό πλαίσιο αναπτύχθηκε για τη διάγνωση των βασικών κινητικών δεξιοτήτων των μαθητών, καθώς και για την αξιολόγηση των δυνατοτήτων τους, ώστε στη συνέχεια να δημιουργηθούν συγκεκριμένα παρεμβατικά προγράμματα. Με βάση το πλαίσιο αυτό, αναπτύχθηκαν υποστηρικτικά φυλλάδια με τη μορφή της υποστηρικτικής εργαλειοθήκης, έτοιμα προς εφαρμογή σε συγκεκριμένες εκπαιδευτικές συνθήκες για την υποστήριξη μαθητών με πρόσθετες ανάγκες στις βασικές κινητικές δεξιότητες. Η υποστηρικτική εργαλειοθήκη περιλαμβάνει οδηγίες για την ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων του MOBAK (Motorische Basiskompetenzen; Γερμανικά για τις βασικές κινητικές δεξιότητες), το πλαίσιο υποστήριξης ΜΟΒΑΚ, ένα γλωσσάρι, καθώς και την υποστηρικτική εργαλειοθήκη με εργαλεία για καθηγητές φυσικής αγωγής υπό τη μορφή καρτών περιγραφής διαδικασιών και καρτών δραστηριοτήτων ΜΟΒΑΚ, βασισμένα στις αρχές της παραλλαγής των δραστηριοτήτων και σε μία προσέγγιση προσανατολισμένη στις δεξιότητες. [less ▲]

Включенное наблюдение и/или интервью? Собирание коллективных и/или личных воспоминаний? Case-study в Бельгии

in Grinchenko, Gelinada; Khanenko-Friesen, Natalia (Eds.) In Search of Voice: Oral History as Theory, Method, and Source (2010)