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In fact, speech impairment is one of the earliest ... [more ▼]Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder often accompanied by impairment in articulation, phonation, prosody and fluency of speech. In fact, speech impairment is one of the earliest Parkinson’s disease symptoms, and may be used for early diagnosis. We present an experimental study of identification of Parkinson’s disease and assessment of disease progress from speech using Gaussian processes, which is further combined with Automatic Relevance Determination (ARD) for efficient feature selection. Hyperparameters of ARD covariance functions are learned for each individual feature; therefore, can be used for evaluation of their importance. In that way only a small subset of highly relevant acoustic features is selected, leading to models with better performance and lower complexity. The performance of the proposed method was assessed on two datasets: Parkinson’s disease detection dataset, which contains a range of biomedical voice measurements obtained from 31 subjects, 23 of them suffering from Parkinson’s disease and 8 healthy subjects; and Parkinson’s telemonitoring dataset, containing biomedical voice measurements collected from 42 Parkinson’s disease patients for estimation of the disease progress. Gaussian process classification with automatic relevance determination is able to successfully discriminate between Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls with 96.92% accuracy, outperforming Support Vector Machines and decision tree ensembles (random forests, boosted and bagged decision trees). The usability of Gaussian processes is further confirmed in regression task for tracking the progress of the disease. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 134 (13 UL) Speeding up Collision Search for Byte-Oriented Hash FunctionsKhovratovich, Dmitry ; Biryukov, Alex ; Nikolic, Ivica in CT-RSA (2009)We describe a new tool for the search of collisions for hash functions. The tool is applicable when an attack is based on a differential trail, whose probability determines the complexity of the attack ... [more ▼]We describe a new tool for the search of collisions for hash functions. The tool is applicable when an attack is based on a differential trail, whose probability determines the complexity of the attack. Using the linear algebra methods we show how to organize the search so that many (in some cases — all) trail conditions are always satisfied thus significantly reducing the number of trials and the overall complexity. The method is illustrated with the collision and second preimage attacks on the compression functions based on Rijndael. We show that slow diffusion in the Rijndael (and AES) key schedule allows to run an attack on a version with a 13-round compression function, and the S-boxes do not prevent the attack. We finally propose how to modify the key schedule to resist the attack and provide lower bounds on the complexity of the generic differential attacks for our modification. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 165 (0 UL) Speeding up nanoscience and nanotechnology with ultrafast plasmonicsMaccaferri, Nicolò ; Meuret, Sophie; Kornienko, Nikolay et alin Nano Letters (2020)Surface plasmons are collective oscillations of free electrons at the interface between a conducting material and the dielectric environment. These excitations support the formation of strongly enhanced ... [more ▼]Surface plasmons are collective oscillations of free electrons at the interface between a conducting material and the dielectric environment. These excitations support the formation of strongly enhanced and confined electromagnetic fields. As well, they display fast dynamics lasting tens of femtoseconds and can lead to a strong nonlinear optical response at the nanoscale. Thus, they represent the perfect tool to drive and control fast optical processes, such as ultrafast optical switching, single photon emission, as well as strong coupling interactions to explore and tailor photochemical reactions. In this Virtual Issue, we gather several important papers published in Nano Letters in the past decade reporting studies on the ultrafast dynamics of surface plasmons. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 189 (4 UL) Speeding-Up Mutation Testing via Data Compression and State InfectionZhu, Qianqian; Panichella, Annibale ; Zaidman, Andyin IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW) 2017 (2017, March 13)Mutation testing is widely considered as a high-end test criterion due to the vast number of mutants it generates. Although many efforts have been made to reduce the computational cost of mutation testing ... [more ▼]Mutation testing is widely considered as a high-end test criterion due to the vast number of mutants it generates. Although many efforts have been made to reduce the computational cost of mutation testing, its scalability issue remains in practice. In this paper, we introduce a novel method to speed up mutation testing based on state infection information. In addition to filtering out uninfected test executions, we further select a subset of mutants and a subset of test cases to run leveraging data-compression techniques. In particular, we adopt Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to group similar mutants together and then select test cases to cover these mutants. To evaluate our method, we conducted an experimental study on six open source Java projects. We used EvoSuite to automatically generate test cases and to collect mutation data. The initial results show that our method can reduce the execution time by 83.93% with only 0.257% loss in precision. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 132 (7 UL) Speedy assessment of speeded reasoning with the intelligence screening „mini-q“.Baudson, Tanja Gabriele ; Kaufmann, M.; Preckel, F. et alScientific Conference (2015)Detailed reference viewed: 85 (0 UL) Speer und Er. Und Wir? Deutsche Geschichte in gebrochener ErinnerungKrebs, Stefan ; Tschacher, Wernerin Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht (2007), 58(3), 163-173Warum ist Albert Speer auch heute noch als der „gute Nazi“ im kollektiven Gedächtnis der Bundesrepublik verankert? Ausgehend von der Kontroverse um die Anwesenheit Speers bei der Posener Gauleitertagung ... [more ▼]Warum ist Albert Speer auch heute noch als der „gute Nazi“ im kollektiven Gedächtnis der Bundesrepublik verankert? Ausgehend von der Kontroverse um die Anwesenheit Speers bei der Posener Gauleitertagung im Oktober 1943 zeichnet der Aufsatz das Ringen geschichtspolitischer Akteure um die Interpretation der NS-Vergangenheit nach. Dabei wird sichtbar, dass in den letzten Jahrzehnten die historische Forschung den Mythos Speer zerstört und ein neues Bild der Nationalsozialisten gezeichnet hat, aber in den Massenmedien weiterhin überkommene Deutungsmuster des „Dritten Reiches“ überdauern. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 144 (4 UL) Das Speichern von Zwischenlösungen. Ein potentieller Moderator für den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität und der Leistung in figuralen Matrizenaufgaben.Krieger, Florian ; Becker, Nicolas; Zimmer, Hubert D. et alScientific Conference (2015, May)Theoretische Ansätze sehen die Anzahl der Regeln in einer Matrizenaufgabe als eine der Determinanten für die Belastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses. Eine mögliche Ursache könnte das Speichern von Teillösungen ... [more ▼]Theoretische Ansätze sehen die Anzahl der Regeln in einer Matrizenaufgabe als eine der Determinanten für die Belastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses. Eine mögliche Ursache könnte das Speichern von Teillösungen bei Matrizenaufgaben mit mehreren Regeln sein. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob Personen mit einer hohen Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität durch das Speichern von Teillösungen bei der Lösung von Matrizenaufgaben profitieren. Hierzu wurde in einem Innerhalb-Design den Testpersonen (N=84) eine Matrizentestversion präsentiert, bei der das Arbeitsgedächtnis belastet werden sollte, indem die Teillösungen vor der Eingabe mental aufrechterhalten werden mussten. Zudem wurde eine Version präsentiert, in der Teillösungen direkt eingegeben werden konnten, was zu einer Entlastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses führen sollte. Beide Matrizentestversionen zeigen einen moderaten Zusammenhang mit der Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität. Allerdings zeigen sich keine Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Korrelationen, was als Evidenz gewertet werden kann, dass das Speichern von Teillösungen keinen bedeutsamen Moderator für den Zusammenhang von Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität und der Leistung in einem Matrizentest darstellt. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 79 (0 UL) Das Spektrum der elektromagnetischen Strahlung: Technische Nutzung und HerausforderungenMarso, Michel in Revue Technique Luxembourgeoise (2009), (4), 36-37Detailed reference viewed: 70 (6 UL) Spelling patterns of German 4th graders in French vowels: Insights into spelling solutions within and across two alphabetic writing systemsWeth, Constanze ; Wollschläger, Rachel in Writing Systems Research (2020)Cross-language transfer in vowel spelling is diﬃcult to detect because the relation between a vowel and its grapheme is often ambiguous within a writing system and the interpretation of transfer complex ... [more ▼]Cross-language transfer in vowel spelling is diﬃcult to detect because the relation between a vowel and its grapheme is often ambiguous within a writing system and the interpretation of transfer complex. This study examined French spelling patterns of German fourth graders with French as Foreign language cross-linguistically by applying a ﬁne-grained measure to the diﬀerences in spelling, tested with a dictation. The study diﬀerentiated between phonologically and graphematically joint vs. unshared vowel graphemes in French and German and the contribution of each category to transfer. Instead of testing orthographic knowledge as in applying the orthographic norm correctly, it used the model of the ‘graphematic solution space’ [Neef, M. (2015). Writing systems as modular objects: Proposals for theory design in grapholinguistics. Open Linguistics, 1(1), 708–721.] that takes into account spelling that is graphematically licensed within the involved writing system. The analysis distinguished between poor and good German spellers to get insights on the relation of the pupils’ competence in the German and French spelling. Results showed an inﬂuence of the phonological and graphematic overlap in the spelling patterns, but also inconsistencies with both writing systems. The ﬁndings challenge statistical learning in multilingual contexts as the produced graphotactic patterns are rather French-like than French. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 93 (8 UL) Spelling patterns of plural marking and learning trajectories in French taught as a foreign languageWeth, Constanze ; Ugen, Sonja ; Fayol, Michel et alin Written Language and Literacy (2021), 24(1), 81-110Although French plural spelling has been studied extensively, the complexity of factors affecting the learning of French plural spelling are not yet fully explained, namely on the level of adjectival and ... [more ▼]Although French plural spelling has been studied extensively, the complexity of factors affecting the learning of French plural spelling are not yet fully explained, namely on the level of adjectival and verbal plural. This study investigates spelling profiles of French plural markers of 228 multilingual grade 5 pupils with French taught as a foreign language. Three analyses on the learner performances of plural spelling in nouns, verbs and pre- and postnominal attributive adjectives were conducted (1) to detect the pupils’ spelling profiles of plural marking on the basis of the performances in the pretest, (2) to test the profiles against two psycholinguistic theories, and (3) to evaluate the impact of the training on each spelling profile in the posttest. The first analysis confirms the existing literature that pupils’ learning of French plural is not random but ordered and emphasizes the role of the position for adjectives (pre- or postnominal) on correct plural spelling. The second analysis reveals the theoretical difficulties of predicting spelling of adjectival and verbal plural. The third analysis shows that strong and poor spellers both benefit from a morphosyntactic training and provides transparency and traceability of the learning trajectories. Together, the descriptive analyses reveal clear patterns of intra-individual spelling profiles. They point to a need for further research in those areas that have empirically provided the most inconsistent results to date and that are not supported by the theories: verbs and adjectives. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 86 (10 UL) spellux – Automatic text normalization for LuxembourgishPurschke, Christoph Software (2020)Detailed reference viewed: 108 (4 UL) Sperm phenotype of mice carrying a gene deletion for the plasma membrane calcium/calmodulin dependent ATPase 4.Withers, Sarah; Cartwright, Elizabeth J.; Neyses, Ludwig in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (2006), 250(1-2), 93-7The sarcolemmal calcium pumps (PMCA for plasma membrane calcium/calmodulin dependent ATPase) are a family of 10 transmembrane domain proteins ejecting calcium from the cytosol. They are encoded by four ... [more ▼]The sarcolemmal calcium pumps (PMCA for plasma membrane calcium/calmodulin dependent ATPase) are a family of 10 transmembrane domain proteins ejecting calcium from the cytosol. They are encoded by four independent genes and at least 21 splice variants have been described. Isoforms 1 and 4 are ubiquitous, whereas isoforms 2 and 3 are confined to neurons and few other cells (e.g. isoform 2 in the myocardium). In non-excitable cells they are thought to be the only calcium ejection systems and their function as governors of calcium balance is hence intuitive since cells cannot survive in a state of calcium overload. Differences in the affinity of the various isoforms for calcium, ATP and calmodulin have been described, but it is unclear whether the pumps have specialized functions over and above their 'housekeeping' role. In particular, in excitable cells, most calcium is ejected by the sodium/calcium exchanger suggesting that the PMCAs may have evolved into a specialized role. Recently, our group has identified a number of specialized functions of the PMCAs, notably a prominent regulatory role of PMCA4 (splice variant b) for neuronal NO synthase as well as for the Ras pathway. In addition, mice carrying a genetic deletion of the PMCA4 gene showed normal female, but completely infertile male animals. This is due to a highly specific defect in sperm motility, which is reduced to zero, with normal fertilization capacity. Overall, a scenario emerges where the plasma membrane calcium pumps fulfil roles far beyond the traditional housekeeping function, notably in cell signaling, sperm motility, and potentially in cell division. Consequently, we are currently exploring their potential as future drug targets for a variety of conditions, as well as their potential use in the development of a male contraception. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 146 (1 UL) Spezialsprachen: Fachsprachen, WissenschaftssprachenSieburg, Heinz in Dembeck, Till; Parr, Rolf (Eds.) Literatur und Mehrsprachigkeit. Ein Handbuch (2017)Detailed reference viewed: 90 (1 UL) Spezifität der Körperbildstörung für Anorexia nervosaRost, Silke ; Jaite, Charlotte; Sarrar, Lea et alPoster (2013, May 10)Detailed reference viewed: 111 (6 UL) Spezifität der Körperbildstörung für Anorexia nervosaRost, Silke ; Jaite, Charlotte; Sarrar, Lea et alScientific Conference (2013, March 09)Detailed reference viewed: 89 (1 UL) Spherical CR Dehn surgeriesAcosta, Miguel in Pacific Journal of Mathematics (2016), 284(2), 257-282Consider a three dimensional cusped spherical CR manifold M and suppose that the holonomy representation of $\pi_1(M)$ can be deformed in such a way that the peripheral holonomy is generated by a non ... [more ▼]Consider a three dimensional cusped spherical CR manifold M and suppose that the holonomy representation of $\pi_1(M)$ can be deformed in such a way that the peripheral holonomy is generated by a non-parabolic element. We prove that, in this case, there is a spherical CR structure on some Dehn surgeries of M. The result is very similar to R. Schwartz's spherical CR Dehn surgery theorem, but has weaker hypotheses and does not give the uniformizability of the structure. We apply our theorem in the case of the Deraux-Falbel structure on the Figure Eight knot complement and obtain spherical CR structures on all Dehn surgeries of slope $-3 + r$ for $r \in \mathbb{Q}^{+}$ small enough. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 105 (1 UL) Spherical CR uniformization of Dehn surgeries of the Whitehead link complementAcosta, Miguel in Geometry and Topology (2019), 23(5), 25932664We apply a spherical CR Dehn surgery theorem in order to obtain infinitely many Dehn surgeries of the Whitehead link complement that carry spherical CR structures. We consider as a starting point the ... [more ▼]We apply a spherical CR Dehn surgery theorem in order to obtain infinitely many Dehn surgeries of the Whitehead link complement that carry spherical CR structures. We consider as a starting point the spherical CR uniformization of the Whitehead link complement constructed by Parker and Will, using a Ford domain in the complex hyperbolic plane H2C. We deform the Ford domain of Parker and Will in H2C in a one-parameter family. On one side, we obtain infinitely many spherical CR uniformizations on a particular Dehn surgery on one of the cusps of the Whitehead link complement. On the other side, we obtain spherical CR uniformizations for infinitely many Dehn surgeries on the same cusp of the Whitehead link complement. These manifolds are parametrized by an integer n≥4, and the spherical CR structure obtained for n=4 is the Deraux–Falbel spherical CR uniformization of the figure eight knot complement. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 168 (4 UL) Sphingolipid-mediated inflammatory signaling leading to autophagy inhibition converts erythropoiesis to myelopoiesis in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cellsOrsini, Marion; Chateauvieux, Sebastien; Rhim, Jiyun et alin Cell Death and Differentiation (2019), 26(9), 17961812Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) inhibit erythropoiesis and cause anemia in patients with cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. TNFα is also a potent ... [more ▼]Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) inhibit erythropoiesis and cause anemia in patients with cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. TNFα is also a potent activator of the sphingomyelinase (SMase)/ceramide pathway leading to ceramide synthesis and regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. Here we evaluated the implication of the TNFα/SMase/ceramide pathway on inhibition of erythropoiesis in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (CD34/HSPCs) from healthy donors. Exogenous synthetic C2- and C6-ceramide as well as bacterial SMase inhibited erythroid differentiation in erythropoietin-induced (Epo)CD34/HSPCs shown by the analysis of various erythroid markers. The neutral SMase inhibitor GW4869 as well as the genetic inhibition of nSMase with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) prevented the inhibition by TNFα, but not the acid SMase inhibitor desipramine. Moreover, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a ceramide metabolite, restored erythroid differentiation, whereas TNFα inhibited sphingosine kinase-1, required for S1P synthesis. Analysis of cell morphology and colony formation demonstrated that erythropoiesis impairment was concomitant with a granulomonocytic differentiation in TNFα- and ceramide-treated EpoCD34/HSPCs. Inhibition of erythropoiesis and induction of granulomonocytic differentiation were correlated to modulation of hematopoietic transcription factors (TFs) GATA-1, GATA-2, and PU.1. Moreover, the expression of microRNAs (miR)-144/451, miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-223 was also modulated by TNFα and ceramide treatments, in line with cellular observations. Autophagy plays an essential role during erythropoiesis and our results demonstrate that the TNFα/neutral SMase/ceramide pathway inhibits autophagy in EpoCD34/HSPCs. TNFα- and ceramide-induced phosphorylation of mTORS2448 and ULK1S758, inhibited Atg13S355 phosphorylation, and blocked autophagosome formation as shown by transmission electron microscopy and GFP-LC3 punctae formation. Moreover, rapamycin prevented the inhibitory effect of TNFα and ceramides on erythropoiesis while inhibiting induction of myelopoiesis. In contrast, bafilomycin A1, but not siRNA against Atg5, induced myeloid differentiation, while both impaired erythropoiesis. We demonstrate here that the TNFα/neutral SMase/ceramide pathway inhibits erythropoiesis to induce myelopoiesis via modulation of a hematopoietic TF/miR network and inhibition of late steps of autophagy. Altogether, our results reveal an essential role of autophagy in erythroid vs. myeloid differentiation. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 42 (0 UL) Sphingosine kinases regulate NOX2 activity via p38 MAPK-dependent translocation of S100A8/A9Schenten, Véronique ; Melchior, Chantal ; Steinckwich, Nathalie et alin Journal of Leukocyte Biology (2011), 89(4), 587-596Neutrophils play a fundamental role in host defense by neutralizing pathogens through the generation of ROS by NOX2. In nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essentially mediated via SOCE, a complex ... [more ▼]Neutrophils play a fundamental role in host defense by neutralizing pathogens through the generation of ROS by NOX2. In nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essentially mediated via SOCE, a complex mechanism in which depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores from the ER results in Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) SOCs at the plasma membrane. In this regard, it is well established that extracellular Ca(2+) entry participates to NOX2 activation. S1P, produced by SphKs, has been involved in Ca(2+) homeostasis and thus, could intervene in NOX2 regulation. The aim of this study was to characterize the importance of SphKs in NOX2 activation and the signaling cascade involved in this mechanism. Treatment of neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells by DHS, a SphK inhibitor, and SphK siRNA inhibited fMLF-induced NOX2 activity. Sequential activation of cells by thapsigargin and the phorbol ester PMA revealed that SphK-regulated NOX2 activity relies on intracellular Ca(2+) store depletion. Confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis showed that stimulation by thapsigargin and PMA mediated S100A8/A9 recruitment to the plasma membrane and p38 MAPK activation. S100A8/A9 translocation decreased when SphK activity was blocked. This result was confirmed in purified human neutrophils, which were physiologically stimulated by fMLF. In addition, p38 MAPK was found to be regulated by SphKs. These results define a pathway leading to NOX2 activation, in which p38 MAPK-mediated S100A8/A9 translocation is regulated by Ca(2+) store depletion-dependent SphK activation. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 119 (4 UL) Spiel in der Grundschule: Multiple Funktionen - maßgebliche AufgabenAndersen, Katja Natalie ; Schwander, Michael WolfgangBook published by Klinkhardt (2005)Detailed reference viewed: 141 (4 UL)