External Representation of the European Union in the Conclusion of International Agreements

in Common Market Law Review (2012)

Externalisation de la politique migratoire et identité de l'Union européenne

in Benlolo, Myriam (Ed.) L'Union européenne et les migrations (in press)

Externe Sprachgeschichte des Französischen in Asien, im Indischen Ozean und im Pazifik

in Ernst, Gerhart Et Al (Ed.) Handbuch der Romanischen Sprachgeschichte (2003)

Exterritorialität. Atopien des Fremden in Heinrich von Kleists Erzählung "Die Verlobung in St. Domingo" und Franz Kafkas Roman "Der Verschollene"

in Annäherungen. Beiträge auf dem Finnischen Germanistentreffen (2005)

Extra Muros. Vorstädtische Räume in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit / Espaces suburbains au bas Moyen Âge et à l’époque moderne

Book published by Böhlau Verlag (2019)

Stadt und Umland sind auf vielfältige Weise miteinander vernetzt. Die durch den „Spatial Turn“ entstandenen Impulse, Geschichte wieder verstärkt in räumlichen Bedingungen zu denken und Veränderungen der ... [more ▼]

Stadt und Umland sind auf vielfältige Weise miteinander vernetzt. Die durch den „Spatial Turn“ entstandenen Impulse, Geschichte wieder verstärkt in räumlichen Bedingungen zu denken und Veränderungen der Raumwahrnehmung intensiver in den Blick zu nehmen, sind das Anliegen des vorliegenden Bandes. Im Fokus stehen u.a. Fragen zur kartographischen Repräsentation, zur Sozialtopographie, zu Inklusions- und Exklusionsprozessen, sowie zur unterschiedlich starken Ausprägung von Zonen städtischen Einflusses. In den Beiträgen werden ausgewählte Städte aus Mittel-, Süd- und Osteuropa beleuchtet, darunter auch Festungsstädte und die in diesem Kontext oft wenig beachteten "kleinen Städte“. [less ▲]

The extracellular RNA complement of Escherichia coli

in MicrobiologyOpen (2015)

he secretion of biomolecules into the extracellular milieu is a common and well-conserved phenomenon in biology. In bacteria, secreted biomolecules are not only involved in intra-species communication but ... [more ▼]

he secretion of biomolecules into the extracellular milieu is a common and well-conserved phenomenon in biology. In bacteria, secreted biomolecules are not only involved in intra-species communication but they also play roles in inter-kingdom exchanges and pathogenicity. To date, released products, such as small molecules, DNA, peptides, and proteins, have been well studied in bacte- ria. However, the bacterial extracellular RNA complement has so far not been comprehensively characterized. Here, we have analyzed, using a combination of physical characterization and high-throughput sequencing, the extracellular RNA complement of both outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-associated and OMV-free RNA of the enteric Gram-negative model bacterium Escherichia coli K-12 substrain MG1655 and have compared it to its intracellular RNA comple- ment. Our results demonstrate that a large part of the extracellular RNA com- plement is in the size range between 15 and 40 nucleotides and is derived from specific intracellular RNAs. Furthermore, RNA is associated with OMVs and the relative abundances of RNA biotypes in the intracellular, OMV and OMV- free fractions are distinct. Apart from rRNA fragments, a significant portion of the extracellular RNA complement is composed of specific cleavage products of functionally important structural noncoding RNAs, including tRNAs, 4.5S RNA, 6S RNA, and tmRNA. In addition, the extracellular RNA pool includes RNA biotypes from cryptic prophages, intergenic, and coding regions, of which some are so far uncharacterised, for example, transcripts mapping to the fimA- fimL and ves-spy intergenic regions. Our study provides the first detailed char- acterization of the extracellular RNA complement of the enteric model bacte- rium E. coli. Analogous to findings in eukaryotes, our results suggest the selective export of specific RNA biotypes by E. coli, which in turn indicates a potential role for extracellular bacterial RNAs in intercellular communication. [less ▲]

Extracting Domain Models from Natural-Language Requirements: Approach and Industrial Evaluation

in 19th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, Saint-Malo 2-7 October 2016 (2016, October)

Domain modeling is an important step in the transition from natural-language requirements to precise specifications. For large systems, building a domain model manually is laborious. Several approaches ... [more ▼]

Domain modeling is an important step in the transition from natural-language requirements to precise specifications. For large systems, building a domain model manually is laborious. Several approaches exist to assist engineers with this task, where Natural Language Processing is employed for automated extraction of domain model elements. Despite the existing approaches, important facets remain under-explored. Notably, there is limited empirical evidence about the usefulness of existing extraction rules in industry. Furthermore, important opportunities for enhancing the extraction rules are yet to be exploited. We develop a domain model extractor by bringing together existing extraction rules and proposing important enhancements. We apply our model extractor to four industrial requirements documents, reporting on the frequency of different extraction rules being applied. We conduct an expert study over one of these documents, investigating the accuracy and overall effectiveness of our domain model extractor. [less ▲]

Extraction and Analysis of RNA Isolated from Pure Bacteria-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles

in Arluison, Véronique; Valverde, Claudio Valverde (Eds.) Bacterial Regulatory RNA (2018)

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released by commensal as well as pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. These vesicles contain numerous bacterial components, such as proteins, peptidoglycans ... [more ▼]

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released by commensal as well as pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. These vesicles contain numerous bacterial components, such as proteins, peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, DNA, and RNA. To examine if OMV-associated RNA molecules are bacterial degradation products and/or are functionally active, it is necessary to extract RNA from pure OMVs for subsequent analysis. Therefore, we describe here an isolation method of ultrapure OMVs and the subsequent extraction of RNA and basic steps of RNA-Seq analysis. Bacterial culture, extracellular supernatant concentration, OMV purification, and the subsequent RNA extraction out of OMVs are described. Specific pitfalls within the protocol and RNA contamination sources are highlighted. [less ▲]

Extragradient methods and linesearch algorithms for solving Ky Fan inequalities and fixed point problems

in Journal of Optimization Theory & Applications (2012)

In this paper, we introduce some new iterative methods for finding a common element of the set of points satisfying a Ky Fan inequality, and the set of fixed points of a contraction mapping in a Hilbert ... [more ▼]

In this paper, we introduce some new iterative methods for finding a common element of the set of points satisfying a Ky Fan inequality, and the set of fixed points of a contraction mapping in a Hilbert space. The strong convergence of the iterates generated by each method is obtained thanks to a hybrid projection method, under the assumptions that the fixed-point mapping is a ξ-strict pseudocontraction, and the function associated with the Ky Fan inequality is pseudomonotone and weakly continuous. A Lipschitz-type condition is assumed to hold on this function when the basic iteration comes from the extragradient method. This assumption is unnecessary when an Armijo backtracking linesearch is incorporated in the extragradient method. The particular case of variational inequality problems is examined in a last section. [less ▲]

Extrapyramidal motor signs in degenerative ataxias.

in Archives of neurology (2000), 57(10), 1495-500

BACKGROUND: Extrapyramidal motor signs (EPS) are well-known symptoms of degenerative ataxia. However, little is known about frequency and appearance of EPS in subtypes of ataxia. METHODS: We characterized ... [more ▼]

BACKGROUND: Extrapyramidal motor signs (EPS) are well-known symptoms of degenerative ataxia. However, little is known about frequency and appearance of EPS in subtypes of ataxia. METHODS: We characterized 311 patients with ataxia clinically and genetically. Course of the disease and EPS were investigated according to a standardized protocol. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of EPS in subtypes of ataxia was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS: Extrapyramidal motor signs occurred in all forms of ataxia, but frequency and type of EPS varied between genetically and clinically defined subtypes. Postural tremor in hereditary ataxias was typical for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Dystonia was generally rare in ataxias, but, if present, suggested SCA3. We observed a parkinsonian variant of SCA3 in which parkinsonism was present in the beginning of the disease and responded well to levodopa therapy, leading to diagnostic confusion. Parkinsonism in SCA3 was independent of CAG repeat length but ran in families, suggesting modifying genes. In idiopathic sporadic cerebellar ataxia (ISCA), EPS are more frequent in late-onset than in early-onset forms. In 50% of ISCA patients with parkinsonism, the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy remained questionable because of normal autonomic function. CONCLUSIONS: Extrapyramidal motor signs can help to predict the genetic subtype of ataxia. Extrapyramidal motor signs were more frequent in genetic subtypes in which basal ganglia affection has been demonstrated by postmortem studies. However, no type of EPS was specific for an underlying mutation. In ISCA, EPS are an adverse prognostic factor. Parkinsonism is especially associated with a more rapid course of the disease. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1495-1500 [less ▲]