![]() ; Landoulsi, Zied ![]() ![]() in Parkinsonism and Related Disorders (2022) Purpose The decision for subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on clinical predictors. Whether genetic variables could predict favourable or unfavourable ... [more ▼] Purpose The decision for subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on clinical predictors. Whether genetic variables could predict favourable or unfavourable decisions is under investigation. Objective First, we aimed to reproduce the previous observation that SNCA rs356220 was associated with favourable STN-DBS motor response. In additional exploratory analyses, we studied if other PD risk and progression variants from the latest GWAS are associated with therapeutic outcome. Further, we evaluated the predictive value of polygenic risk scores. Methods We comprehensively genotyped patients from the EarlyStim cohort using NeuroChip, and assessed the clinico-genetic associations with longitudinal outcome parameters. Results The SNCA rs356220 variant did not predict UPDRS III outcomes. However, it was associated with quality of life improvement in secondary analyses. Several polymorphisms from previously identified GWAS hits predicted motor or quality of life outcomes in DBS patients. Polygenic risk scores did not predict any outcome parameter. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that different common genetic markers are associated with favourable quality of life outcomes of STN-DBS in PD. These findings can be the basis for further validation in larger and independent cohorts. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 35 (4 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society (2022) INTRODUCTION: Patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) often experience problems with mobility, including walking under single- (ST) and dual-tasking (DT) conditions. The effects of deep brain ... [more ▼] INTRODUCTION: Patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) often experience problems with mobility, including walking under single- (ST) and dual-tasking (DT) conditions. The effects of deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus (DBS) versus dopaminergic medication (Med) on these conditions are not well investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used two ST and two DT-gait paradigms to evaluate the effect of DBS and dopaminergic medication on gait parameters in 14 PD patients (mean age 66 ± 8 years) under DBS(OFF)/Med(ON), DBS(ON)/Med(OFF), and DBS(ON)/Med(ON) conditions. They performed standardized 20-meter walks with convenient and fast speed. To test DT capabilities, they performed a checking-boxes and a subtraction task during fast-paced walking. Quantitative gait analysis was performed using a tri-axial accelerometer (Dynaport, McRoberts, The Netherlands). Dual-task costs (DTC) of gait parameters and secondary task performance were compared intraindividually between DBS(OFF)/Med(ON) vs DBS(ON)/Med(ON), and DBS(ON)/Med(OFF) vs DBS(ON)/Med(ON) to estimate responsiveness. RESULTS: Dopaminergic medication increased gait speed and cadence at convenient speed. It increased cadence and decreased number of steps at fast speed, and improved DTC of cadence during the checking boxes and DTC of cadence and number of steps during the subtraction tasks. DBS only improved DTC of cadence during the checking boxes and DTC of gait speed during the subtraction task. CONCLUSION: Dopaminergic medication showed larger additional effects on temporal gait parameters under ST and DT conditions in advanced PD than DBS. These results, after confirmation in independent studies, should be considered in the medical management of advanced PD patients with gait and DT deficits. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 17 (0 UL)![]() ; ; et al in NeuroImage: Clinical (2019), 22 BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may alleviate motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neurophysiological effects of tDCS on cortical activation, synchronization ... [more ▼] BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may alleviate motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neurophysiological effects of tDCS on cortical activation, synchronization, and the relation to clinical motor symptoms and motor integration need characterization. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the effect of tDCS over the left sensorimotor area on clinical motor outcome, right hand fine motor performance as well as cortical activity and synchronization in the high beta range. METHODS: In this double-blind randomized sham-controlled clinico-neurophysiological study we investigated ten idiopathic PD patients and eleven matched healthy controls (HC) on two days during an isometric precision grip task and at rest before and after 'verum' and 'sham' anodal tDCS (20min; 1mA; anode [C3], cathode [Fp2]). We measured clinical outcome, fine motor performance, and analysed both cortical frequency domain activity and corticocortical imaginary coherence. RESULTS: tDCS improved PD motor symptoms. Neurophysiological features indicated a motor-task-specific modulation of activity and coherence from 22 to 27Hz after 'verum' stimulation in PD. Activity was significantly reduced over the left sensorimotor and right frontotemporal area. Before stimulation, PD patients showed reduced coherence over the left sensorimotor area during motor task compared to HC, and this increased after 'verum' stimulation in the motor task. The activity and synchronization modulation were neither observed at rest, after sham stimulation nor in healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Verum tDCS modulated the PD cortical network specifically during fine motor integration. Cortical oscillatory features were not in general deregulated in PD, but depended on motor processing. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 179 (5 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Frontiers in Neurology (2018), 9 Treatment outcomes from pallidal deep brain stimulation are highly heterogeneous reflecting the phenotypic and etiologic spectrum of dystonia. Treatment stratification to neurostimulation therapy ... [more ▼] Treatment outcomes from pallidal deep brain stimulation are highly heterogeneous reflecting the phenotypic and etiologic spectrum of dystonia. Treatment stratification to neurostimulation therapy primarily relies on the phenotypic motor presentation; however, etiology including genetic factors are increasingly recognized as modifiers of treatment outcomes. Here, we describe a 53 year-old female patient with a progressive generalized dystonia since age 25. The patient underwent deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi-DBS) at age 44. Since the clinical phenotype included mobile choreo-dystonic features, we expected favorable therapeutic outcome from GPi-DBS. Although mobile dystonia components were slightly improved in the long-term outcome from GPi-DBS the overall therapeutic response 9 years from implantation was limited when comparing "stimulation off" and "stimulation on" despite of proper electrode localization and sufficient stimulation programming. In order to further understand the reason for this limited motor symptom response, we aimed to clarify the etiology of generalized dystonia in this patient. Genetic testing identified a novel heterozygous pathogenic SLC2A1 mutation as cause of glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS). This case report presents the first outcome of GPi-DBS in a patient with GLUT1-DS, and suggests that genotype relations may increasingly complement phenotype-based therapy stratification of GPi-DBS in dystonia. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 165 (2 UL)![]() Krüger, Rejko ![]() in Journal of Neural Transmission (2017), 124(124), 1015-1027 Advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (advPD) still impose a challenge in terms of classification and related stage-adapted treatment recommendations. Previous concepts that define advPD by certain ... [more ▼] Advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (advPD) still impose a challenge in terms of classification and related stage-adapted treatment recommendations. Previous concepts that define advPD by certain milestones of motor disability apparently fall short in addressing the increasingly recognized complexity of motor and non-motor symptoms and do not allow to account for the clinical heterogeneity that require more personalized approaches. Therefore, deep phenotyping approaches are required to characterize the broad-scaled, continuous and multidimensional spectrum of disease-related motor and non-motor symptoms and their progression under real-life conditions. This will also facilitate the reasoning for clinical care and therapeutic decisions, as neurologists currently have to refer to clinical trials that provide guidance on a group level; however, this does not always account for the individual needs of patients. Here, we provide an overview on different classifications for advPD that translate into critical phenotypic patterns requiring the differential therapeutic adjustments. New concepts refer to precision medicine approaches also in PD and first studies on genetic stratification for therapeutic outcomes provide a potential for more objective treatment recommendations. We define novel treatment targets that align with this concept and make use of emerging device-based assessments of real-life information on PD symptoms. As these approaches require empowerment of patients and integration into treatment decisions, we present communication strategies and decision support based on new technologies to adjust treatment of advPD according to patient demands and safety. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 170 (7 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Frontiers in Neurology (2017), 8 Conventional subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease (PD) presumably modulates the spatial component of gait. However, temporal dysregulation of gait is one of the factors that is ... [more ▼] Conventional subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease (PD) presumably modulates the spatial component of gait. However, temporal dysregulation of gait is one of the factors that is tightly associated with freezing of gait (FOG). Temporal locomotor integration may be modulated differentially at distinct levels of the basal ganglia. Owing to its specific descending brainstem projections, stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) area might modulate spatial and temporal parameters of gait differentially compared to standard subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation. Here, we aimed to characterize the differential effect of STN or SNr stimulation on kinematic gait parameters. We analyzed biomechanical parameters during unconstrained over ground walking in 12 PD patients with subthalamic deep brain stimulation and FOG. Patients performed walking in three therapeutic conditions: (i) Off stimulation, (ii) STN stimulation (alone), and (iii) SNr stimulation (alone). SNr stimulation was achieved by stimulating the most caudal contact of the electrode. We recorded gait using three sensors (each containing a tri-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer) attached on both left and right ankle, and to the lumbar spine. STN stimulation improved both the spatial features (stride length, stride length variability) and the temporal parameters of gait. SNr stimulation improved temporal parameters of gait (swing time asymmetry). Correlation analysis suggested that patients with more medial localization of the SNr contact associated with a stronger regularization of gait. These results suggest that SNr stimulation might support temporal regularization of gait integration. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 143 (4 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Biomedical Signal Processing and Control (2014), 14 Recently, several new beamformers have been introduced for reconstruction and localization of neural sources from EEG and MEG.Although studies have compared the accuracy of beamformers for localization of ... [more ▼] Recently, several new beamformers have been introduced for reconstruction and localization of neural sources from EEG and MEG.Although studies have compared the accuracy of beamformers for localization of strong sources in the brain, a comparison of new and conventional beamformers for time-course reconstruction of a desired source has not been previously undertaken. In this study, 8 beamformers were examined with respectto several parameters, including variations in depth, orientation, magnitude, and frequency of the simulated source to determine their (i) effectiveness at time-course reconstruction of the sources, and (ii) stability of their performances with respect to the input changes. The spatial and directional pass-bands of the beamformers were estimated via simulated and real EEG sources to determine spatial resolution. White-noise spatial maps of the beamformers were calculated to show which beamformers have a location bias. Simulated EEG data were produced by projection via forward head modelling of simulated sources onto scalp electrodes, then superimposed on real background EEG. Real EEG was recorded from a patient with essential tremor and deep brain implanted electrodes. Gain – the ratio of SNR of the reconstructed time-course to the input SNR – was the primary measure of performance of the beamformers. Overall, minimum-variance beamformers had higher Gains and superior spatial resolution to those of the minimum-norm beamformers, although their performance was more sensitive to changes in magnitude, depth, and frequency of the simulated source. White-noise spatial maps showed that several, but not all, beamformers have an undesirable location bias. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 158 (12 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Experimental brain research (2014), 232(7), 2255-62 Previous models proposed that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is critical in the early phase of skill acquisition. We hypothesized that subthalamic deep brain stimulation modulates the learning curve in ... [more ▼] Previous models proposed that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is critical in the early phase of skill acquisition. We hypothesized that subthalamic deep brain stimulation modulates the learning curve in early classification learning. Thirteen idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients (iPD) with subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS), 9 medically treated iPD, and 21 age-matched healthy controls were tested with a probabilistic classification task. STN-DBS patients were tested with stimulation OFF and ON, and medically treated patients with medication OFF and ON, respectively. Performance and reaction time were analyzed on the first 100 consecutive trials as early learning phase. Moreover, data were separated for low and high-probability patterns, and more differentiated strategy analyses were used. The major finding was a significant modulation of the learning curve in DBS patients with stimulation ON: although overall learning was similar to healthy controls, only the stimulation ON group showed a transient significant performance dip from trials '41-60' that rapidly recovered. Further analysis indicated that this might be paralleled by a modulation of the learning strategy, particularly on the high-probability patterns. The reaction time was unchanged during the dip. Our study supports that the STN serves as a relay in early classification learning and directs attention toward unacquainted content. The STN might play a role in balancing the short-term success against strategy optimization for improved long-term outcome. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 146 (6 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Brain : a journal of neurology (2013), 136(Pt 7), 2098-108 Gait and balance disturbances typically emerge in advanced Parkinson's disease with generally limited response to dopaminergic medication and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Therefore ... [more ▼] Gait and balance disturbances typically emerge in advanced Parkinson's disease with generally limited response to dopaminergic medication and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Therefore, advanced programming with interleaved pulses was put forward to introduce concomittant nigral stimulation on caudal contacts of a subthalamic lead. Here, we hypothesized that the combined stimulation of subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata improves axial symptoms compared with standard subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Twelve patients were enrolled in this 2 x 2 cross-over double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial and both the safety and efficacy of combined subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulation were evaluated compared with standard subthalamic nucleus stimulation. The primary outcome measure was the change of a broad-scaled cumulative axial Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score (Scale II items 13-15, Scale III items 27-31) at '3-week follow-up'. Secondary outcome measures specifically addressed freezing of gait, balance, quality of life, non-motor symptoms and neuropsychiatric symptoms. For the primary outcome measure no statistically significant improvement was observed for combined subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulation at the '3-week follow-up'. The secondary endpoints, however, revealed that the combined stimulation of subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata might specifically improve freezing of gait, whereas balance impairment remained unchanged. The combined stimulation of subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata was safe, and of note, no clinically relevant neuropsychiatric adverse effect was observed. Patients treated with subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulation revealed no 'global' effect on axial motor domains. However, this study opens the perspective that concomittant stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata possibly improves otherwise resistant freezing of gait and, therefore, highly warrants a subsequent phase III randomized controlled trial. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 152 (6 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Parkinsonism and Related Disorders (2012), 18(7), 847-53 OBJECTIVE: A large proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease develop dysphagia during the course of the disease. Dysphagia in Parkinson's disease affects different phases of deglutition, has a ... [more ▼] OBJECTIVE: A large proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease develop dysphagia during the course of the disease. Dysphagia in Parkinson's disease affects different phases of deglutition, has a strong impact on quality of life and may cause severe complications, i.e., aspirational pneumonia. So far, little is known on how deep-brain-stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus influences deglutition in PD. METHODS: Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies on 18 patients with Parkinson's disease, which had been performed preoperatively, and postoperatively with deep-brain-stimulation-on and deep-brain-stimulation-off, were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were examined in each condition with three consistencies (viscous, fluid and solid). The 'New Zealand index for multidisciplinary evaluation of swallowing (NZIMES) Subscale One' for qualitative and 'Logemann-MBS-Parameters' for quantitative evaluation were assessed. RESULTS: Preoperatively, none of the patients presented with clinically relevant signs of dysphagia. While postoperatively, the mean daily levodopa equivalent dosage was reduced by 50% and deep-brain-stimulation led to a 50% improvement in motor symptoms measured by the UPDRS III, no clinically relevant influence of deep-brain-stimulation-on swallowing was observed using qualitative parameters (NZIMES). However quantitative parameters (Logemann scale) found significant changes of pharyngeal parameters with deep-brain-stimulation-on as compared to preoperative condition and deep-brain-stimulation-off mostly with fluid consistency. CONCLUSION: In Parkinson patients without dysphagia deep-brain-stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates the pharyngeal deglutition phase but has no clinically relevant influence on deglutition. Further studies are needed to test if deep-brain-stimulation is a therapeutic option for patients with swallowing disorders. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 150 (1 UL)![]() ; ; et al in The European journal of neuroscience (2012), 35(6), 896-908 Pathological synchronization in large-scale motor networks constitutes a pathophysiological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Corticomuscular synchronization in PD is pronounced in lower frequency ... [more ▼] Pathological synchronization in large-scale motor networks constitutes a pathophysiological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Corticomuscular synchronization in PD is pronounced in lower frequency bands (< 10 Hz), whereas efficient cortical motor integration in healthy persons is driven in the beta frequency range. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings at rest and during an isometric precision grip task were performed in four perioperative sessions in 10 patients with PD undergoing subthalamic nucleus deep-brain stimulation: (i) 1 day before (D0); (ii) 1 day after (D1); (iii) 8 days after implantation of macroelectrodes with stimulation off (D8StimOff); and (iv) on (D8StimOn). Analyses of coherence and phase delays were performed in order to challenge the effects of microlesion and stimulation on corticomuscular coherence (CMC). Additionally, local field potentials recorded from the subthalamic nucleus on D1 allowed comprehensive mapping of motor-related synchronization in subthalamocortical and cerebromuscular networks. Motor performance improved at D8StimOn compared with D0 and D8StimOff paralleled by a reduction of muscular activity and CMC in the theta band (3.9-7.8 Hz) and by an increase of CMC in the low-beta band (13.7-19.5 Hz). Efferent motor cortical drives to muscle presented mainly below 10 Hz on D8StimOff that were suppressed on D8StimOn and occurred on higher frequencies from 13 to 45 Hz. On D1, coherence of the high-beta band (20.5-30.2 Hz) increased during movement compared with rest in subthalamomuscular and corticomuscular projections, whereas it was attenuated in subcorticocortical projections. The present findings lend further support to the concept of pathological network synchronization in PD that is beneficially modulated by stimulation. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 126 (0 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Journal of neurology (2012), 259(9), 1970-2 Detailed reference viewed: 145 (0 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Journal of neurology (2011), 258(6), 1183-5 Detailed reference viewed: 157 (1 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Movement Disorders (2011), 26(2), 323-7 Present pathophysiological concepts of neuropathic tremor assume mistimed and defective afferent input resulting in deregulation of cerebello-thalamo-cortical motor networks. Here, we provide direct ... [more ▼] Present pathophysiological concepts of neuropathic tremor assume mistimed and defective afferent input resulting in deregulation of cerebello-thalamo-cortical motor networks. Here, we provide direct evidence of central tremor processing in a 76-year-old female who underwent bilateral deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermedial nucleus of the thalamus (Vim-DBS) because of neuropathic tremor associated with IgM paraproteinemia. Electrophysiological recordings of EEG and EMG were performed in three perioperative sessions: (1) preoperatively, (2) intraoperatively, and (3) 4 days after surgery in both rest and postural tremor conditions. Tremor-related synchronization (coherence) between motor cortex (M1) and muscles (M. extensor digitorum, M. flexor digitorum) was assessed, and additional intraoperative local field potential (LFP) recordings from Vim allowed comprehensive coherence mapping in thalamo-cortico-muscular networks. Directionality of information flow was determined by directed transfer function (DTF) and phase analyses. Stimulation effects on tremor and corticomuscular coherence were assessed and the patient was followed for 12 months on clinical outcome measures (Tremor Rating Scale, CADET-Score). Vim-DBS reduced tremor (59%) and improved motor functionality in daily activities (31%, CADET-A) after 12 months. Intraoperative recordings demonstrated significant coherence in the tremor frequency (4 Hz) between M1 and contralateral muscle, Vim and ipsilateral M1, Vim and contralateral muscle, but not between Vim and contralateral M1. Information flow was directed from M1 to Vim and bidirectional between M1 and muscle and between Vim and muscle, respectively. Corticomuscular coherence at tremor frequency was completely suppressed by Vim-DBS. Our case study demonstrates central oscillators underlying neuropathic tremor and implies a strong pathophysiological rationale for Vim-DBS. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 161 (2 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Trials (2011), 12 BACKGROUND: Severe gait disturbances in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) are observed in up to 80% of all patients in advanced disease stages with important impact on quality of life. There is an unmet ... [more ▼] BACKGROUND: Severe gait disturbances in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) are observed in up to 80% of all patients in advanced disease stages with important impact on quality of life. There is an unmet need for further symptomatic therapeutic strategies, particularly as gait disturbances generally respond unfavourably to dopaminergic medication and conventional deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced disease stages. Recent pathophysiological research pointed to nigro-pontine networks entrained to locomotor integration. Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus is currently under investigation, however, hitherto remains controversial. The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)--entrained into integrative locomotor networks--is pathologically overactive in PD. High-frequent stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata preferentially modulated axial symptoms and therefore is suggested as a novel therapeutic candidate target for neuromodulation of refractory gait disturbances in PD. METHODS: 12 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and refractory gait disturbances under best individual subthalamic nucleus stimulation and dopaminergic medication will be enroled into this double-blind 2 x 2 cross-over clinical trial. The treatment consists of two different stimulation settings using (i) conventional stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus [STNmono] and (ii) combined stimulation of distant electrode contacts located in the subthalamic nucleus and caudal border zone of STN and substantia nigra pars reticulata [STN+SNr]. The primary outcome measure is the change of the cumulative 'axial score' (UPDRS II items '13-15' and UPRDS III items '27-31') at three weeks of constant stimulation in either condition. Secondary outcome measures include specific scores on freezing of gait, balance function, quality of life, non-motor symptoms, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The aim of the present trial is to investigate the efficacy and safety of a three week constant combined stimulation on [STN+SNr] compared to [STNmono]. The results will clarify, whether stimulation on nigral contacts additional to subthalamic stimulation will improve therapeutic response of otherwise refractory gait disturbances in PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with the clinical trials register of http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01355835). [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 135 (1 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Journal of neurology (2010), 257(10), 1751-3 Detailed reference viewed: 141 (0 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry (2010), 81(9), 1002-7 OBJECTIVE: Involuntary eyelid closure (IEC) may occur after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often categorised as apraxia of lid opening (ALO ... [more ▼] OBJECTIVE: Involuntary eyelid closure (IEC) may occur after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often categorised as apraxia of lid opening (ALO), albeit the appropriateness of this term is under debate. To gain insight into the hitherto undefined pathophysiology of IEC after STN-DBS, we performed a comprehensive clinical and electrophysiological characterisation of lid function in a total of six PD patients. METHODS: The study was carried out in six PD patients who developed IEC after STN-DBS. They underwent neurological examination and electromyography recording of activity in the orbicularis oculi muscle (OO) upon varying stimulation patterns. Intraoperative studies were performed in one patient. RESULTS: Increasing STN-DBS intensity induced IEC in four patients, whereas it improved the condition in two. Needle EMG showed tonic hyperactivity of the OO in STN-DBS induced IEC, while variable patterns of OO activity (irregular and tonic) were seen in patients with STN-DBS-relieved IEC. Intraoperative analysis in one patient showed evidence for IEC being induced by activation of corticobulbar fibres. CONCLUSIONS: We identified two groups of IEC after STN-DBS based on clinical and EMG patterns: (1) STN-DBS induced IEC associated with tonic OO overactivity and (2) STN-DBS relieved IEC presenting with variable EMG patterns. Our findings provide relevant information on pathophysiology of STN-DBS related IEC and implications for its therapeutic management. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 131 (0 UL)![]() ; ; et al in Movement Disorders (2009), 24(14), 2161-2 Detailed reference viewed: 169 (2 UL)![]() ![]() ; ; et al in The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP) (2008), 11(8), 1181-3 Detailed reference viewed: 148 (0 UL) |
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