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  Learning in transition: Erasmus+ as an opportunity for internationalizationSamuk, Sahizer  ; Nienaber, Birte ; Kmiotek, Emilia Alicja et alin Cairns, David (Ed.) The Palgrave Handbook of Youth Mobility and Educational Migration (2021) Erasmus+ has diversified its benefits for young people to learn and thrive via mobility in the last 30 years. How does Erasmus+ serve young people? We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with young ... [more ▼] Erasmus+ has diversified its benefits for young people to learn and thrive via mobility in the last 30 years. How does Erasmus+ serve young people? We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with young people (aged between 18-29) in Luxembourg, Norway and Romania. Firstly, these young people feel that their identity changes as they internationalise and they travel more after the Erasmus+ experience. Hence, Erasmus+ is an eye opener. Secondly, employment, volunteering or training activities under Erasmus+ become a door-opener increasing young people’s chances of finding jobs. Thirdly, Erasmus+ does not end when the mobility ends: a new life style is adopted and nostalgia with the Erasmus+ leads to feeling at “home” in international environments. All these three aspects can be defined as Erasmus-isation encapsulated within a life-long perspective. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 118 (10 UL)  Agency and Structure Revisited with Youth Responses to Gendered (Spatial) Mobilities in the EUSamuk, Sahizer ; ; Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia Alicja et alin Border Crossings (2020), 10 Young people involved in geographical mobility face diverse gendered mobility settings and gender inequalities. How do the youth involved in diverse mobility types deal with adverse circumstances caused ... [more ▼] Young people involved in geographical mobility face diverse gendered mobility settings and gender inequalities. How do the youth involved in diverse mobility types deal with adverse circumstances caused by gender beliefs and gender prejudices? To answer this question, problem-centred interviews with young people (18-29) are analysed using Grounded Theory. These young people are European citizens and they are involved in five mobility types: higher education, employment, voluntary work, vocational education & training, and entrepreneurship. We apply Emirbayer and Mische’s (1998) categories (iterational, projective and practical-evaluative) to the analysis of gendered mobility narratives as unequal gender perceptions reveal themselves in the context of different types of youth mobility. The analysis allows to see the ways young people reflect on their actions: refusal of gender beliefs, acceptance or rejection of gendered prejudices, individual vs. collective solutions, demand for equality in numbers, comparison of gendered workplaces and assumption of leadership in initiating mobility. At the same time, we observe how geographical mobilities can increase the critical sensibility of youth towards gender inequalities, contributing to new conceptualisation of agentic responses to structural constraints. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 99 (13 UL)Introduction to Special Issue for Migration Letters: Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative PerspectivesSamuk, Sahizer ; Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia Alicja ; Nienaber, Birte et alin Migration Letters (2019), 16(1), 1-14 Where does youth mobility stand in the complex picture of diverse types of inequalities that affect youth and the content of their mobilities? In the light of this question, with this special issue, we ... [more ▼] Where does youth mobility stand in the complex picture of diverse types of inequalities that affect youth and the content of their mobilities? In the light of this question, with this special issue, we look at the hindering and fostering factors in the mobility of young people, and examine different facets of mobility (social networks, transnational activities, agency, gender, household decisions) in different types of mobility (considering mobility for volunteering, vocational education and training, higher education including both credit and degree mobility, and employment). The analysis presented in the papers of this special issue will enable the identification of inequalities accompanying youth mobility at different levels. The articles in this issue reveal that when it comes to possibilities for becoming mobile, many other types of inequalities apart from the solely economic ones must be considered (Oxfam, 2016, p. 7; Hargittai and Hinnant 2008), including legal, political, social, moral inequalities (White, 2007) together with gender inequality. This special issue on “Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative Perspectives” serves the purpose of revealing how diverse types of inequalities can exist within seemingly equal societies. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 180 (20 UL)Why is it so hard? And for whom? Obstacles to intra-European mobilityKmiotek-Meier, Emilia Alicja ; ; Nienaber, Birte et alin Migration Letters (2019) Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed ... [more ▼] Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed broadly, less attention has been paid to the obstacles for the youth who are already on the move. We offer this rare perspective in regard to intra-European mobility. We focus on youth in four types: pupil mobility, vocational (education and training) mobility, higher education student (degree and credit) mobility and employment mobility, in six countries: Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Spain. Our analysis, based on qualitative (140 interviews) and quantitative (N=1.682) data, reveals that the perceived obstacles vary between the mobility types, with the greatest divergence between the educational and work-related mobilities. Obstacles such as lack of financial resources and guidance, the perceived incompatibility of institutional regulations within Europe, are shared by all mobile youth. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 240 (23 UL)Integration policies at the local level in Italy: The case of Lucca and CataniaSamuk, Sahizer ; in Lace, Agnese (Ed.) Newcomer Integration in Europe: Best Practices and Innovations Since 2015 (2018) Detailed reference viewed: 99 (1 UL)Temporariness, permanence and circularity: Relationship of an immigrant with the Memories and Space via Literary WorkSamuk, Sahizer Presentation (2018, October 05) Detailed reference viewed: 46 (0 UL)Metamorphosis of educational understanding: Temporary Integration regarding Syrians in TurkeySamuk, Sahizer in Border Crossings (2018) The integration of refugees in Turkey has been realized in the field with the help of DGMM (Directorate General on Migration Management), Kızılay and UNHCR mainly, and by many more international and non ... [more ▼] The integration of refugees in Turkey has been realized in the field with the help of DGMM (Directorate General on Migration Management), Kızılay and UNHCR mainly, and by many more international and non-governmental organizations that have supported refugees by answering their short-term needs such as giving them cards for shopping, clothes, preparing them for winter (“winterization”) and providing educational assistance. I conducted 15 interviews with state officials, various NGOs and a few refugees. During my research many interesting points about integration policies (to-be-formed) at the moment in Turkey were discovered. One interesting finding was that the state officials do not like to use the word “integration”, as it is reminiscent of the way Turkish migrant workers were treated in Germany, where assimilation and integration were understood as the same concept. I use the term “temporary integration” for the case of all refugees, but this paper will focus mostly on the Syrians’ case. Within the context of temporariness, this paper’s central attention will be the educational integration of Syrian refugees in Turkey. I argue in the paper that the temporariness and the nostalgia with the Ottoman past are two main elements mostly present regarding the educational integration of Syrians in Turkey. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 156 (7 UL)EU as a Declining Normative Power and Turkey as a Declining Democracy: What does the Readmission Agreement tell us about a Global Approach to Migration and the Roles and Interactions of these Actors?Samuk, Sahizer Presentation (2018, June 21) Readmission Agreement has been criticized by many parties not only because of the fact that EU did not want to take the refugees but also because most of the actors thought that Turkey is not capable of ... [more ▼] Readmission Agreement has been criticized by many parties not only because of the fact that EU did not want to take the refugees but also because most of the actors thought that Turkey is not capable of handling the numbers while some others suggested that Turkey does not meet the bare minimum of democratic credentials to be able to look after the refugees, after all it is seen that Turkey is not treating its own citizens in with a just approach. In this paper, I would like to start with a brief background to what Turkey had done in order to comply with the EU Acquis till now and what the government’s weaknesses have been regarding this process. Why was the success of enactment of Act on Foreigners and International Protection shadowed by the open door policy towards the Syrian refugees and why did the state let many of the refugees pass to Greece although the officials were well aware that there might have been many deaths? The readmission agreement, on the other hand, was signed on 26th of March 2016 and it had many implications. It also had conditions as it was a typical carrot and stick policy of the EU, but it also led the relationship to become more interest based while the norms and ideas on solidarity and creativity have lost their significance. There is a great loss in terms of the normative power of the EU and there are great losses in terms of how democracy was used functionally by the Turkish government and this has manifested itself in the Readmission Agreement in the clearest way. After the background and perspectives from both sides, I suggest that it is a loss-loss game rather than a win-win situation, moreover, it is not the story of an empire that tells Turkey what to do or it is not the Turkish republic that follows the democratic path but it has become the clash of collapsing empires, an anachronistic way of dealing with a crisis. Finally, I will finish with policy suggestions to both sides of this dilemma as far as my theoretical background allows me. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 86 (0 UL)Mapping mobility – pathways, institutions and structural effects of youth mobility, Final Public Project ReportSamuk, Sahizer ; Nienaber, Birte ; Bissinger, Jutta et alReport (2018) This report is a synthesis of the main results of the H2020 project MOVE – Mapping mobility, institutions and structural effects of youth mobility in Europe. Over three years the project MOVE has provided ... [more ▼] This report is a synthesis of the main results of the H2020 project MOVE – Mapping mobility, institutions and structural effects of youth mobility in Europe. Over three years the project MOVE has provided a research-informed contribution to a systematic analysis of intra-European mobility. The project departed its work by differentiating six mobility types that have diverse institutional frameworks, age specific constraints and scopes of action. The project has thus analysed and reconstructed mobility patterns that lie across different types of mobility, which are: • student mobility for higher education, • international volunteering, • employment mobility, • mobility for vocational and educational training, • pupil’s exchange, • entrepreneurship mobility. These identified six mobility types have been investigated in the following six European countries: • Germany, • Hungary, • Luxembourg, • Norway, • Romania and • Spain. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 140 (9 UL)Why is it so hard? And for whom? Obstacles in the intra-EU mobility: Mobility fields in comparisonKmiotek-Meier, Emilia Alicja ; ; et alScientific Conference (2018, March 08) Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed ... [more ▼] Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed broadly, less attention has been paid to the obstacles for the youth who are already on the move. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 137 (5 UL)Mapping mobility – pathways, institutions and structural effects of youth mobility in Europe - MOVE resultsNienaber, Birte ; Vysotskaya, Volha ; Samuk, Sahizer Scientific Conference (2018, March 07) Detailed reference viewed: 101 (11 UL)Employment and higher education related mobilities: The case of LuxembourgNienaber, Birte ; Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia Alicja ; Samuk, Sahizer Scientific Conference (2018, February 23) Detailed reference viewed: 105 (9 UL)Aegean in Motion: The Reasons, Consequences and Tragedies of Four Distinct Phases of Migration in the Aegean SeaSamuk, Sahizer ; in Journal of Izmir Mediterranean Academy (2018) This study deals with the concept of Aegean in Motion and conflict of this concept with migration policy making in Turkey. We argue that the region has always been a route for immigration and emigration ... [more ▼] This study deals with the concept of Aegean in Motion and conflict of this concept with migration policy making in Turkey. We argue that the region has always been a route for immigration and emigration with distinct causes and consequences. Our aim is to focus on four different and massive phases of this motion. First, it looks at the period that started in the nineteenth century and ended with the Turkish-Greek population exchange. This wave was closely associated with war, state building, and the aims of ethnic homogenization within newly formed borders. Second phase of this migration starts with the rising fascist policies of Italy in the Dodecanese in the second half of the 1930s and reaches the peak point in the Second World War. This period, again related to political crisis and war, indicates fragmented policies by the host state, which was Turkey, towards different nationalities: Turks, Greeks, and Axis soldiers. The third phase of movement was in the post-1980 period when Turkey became an immigration and so-called “a transit country”. It was discovered later that the migrant and refugee journeys were fragmented and refugees were stranded in the region. The post-2000 period faced many dilemmas: major numbers of crossings from Turkey to Greek shores, deaths in thousands in one year and the readmission deal between EU and Turkey and strengthening border controls via Frontex and EU externalization of migration policy. These four phases are examined via archival work and desk-based research/literature review of articles with a historical perspective, and for each phase a model of immigration policy and state response/facilitation to these mobilities will be elaborated. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 121 (5 UL)Temporary migration programmes: the cause or antidote for migrant worker exploitation in UK agriculture.; Samuk, Sahizer in Journal of International Migration and Integration (2018) The referendum result in Britain in 2016 and the potential loss of EU labour in the advent of a “hard Brexit” has raised pressing questions for sectors that rely on EU labour, such as agriculture. Coupled ... [more ▼] The referendum result in Britain in 2016 and the potential loss of EU labour in the advent of a “hard Brexit” has raised pressing questions for sectors that rely on EU labour, such as agriculture. Coupled with the closure of the long-standing Seasonal Agricultural Scheme in 2013, policymakers are grappling with how to satisfy one the one hand employer demands for mobility schemes, and on the other public demands for restrictive immigration policies. Labour shortages in agriculture transcend the immigration debate, raising questions for food security, the future of automation and ultimately what labour market the UK hopes to build. Temporary Migration programmes have been heralded as achieving a triple win, yet they are rightly criticized for breeding bonded labour and exploitation. In lieu of a dedicated EU labour force agricultural employers are calling for the establishment of a new seasonal scheme. In this paper we explore whether the absence of a temporary migration programme resolves the potential exploitation of migrant workers. We argue that the absence of a TMP is not an antidote to migrant exploitation, and that a socially just TMP which is built around migrant agency may be the most palpable solution. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 152 (13 UL)Women Being Sold in a Religious Affair: Forced Religious Marriage and Mothers who are Children in TurkeySamuk, Sahizer Article for general public (2018) Detailed reference viewed: 82 (0 UL)Youth on the MOVE?Nienaber, Birte ; Bissinger, Jutta ; Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia Alicja et alConference given outside the academic context (2018) Detailed reference viewed: 97 (13 UL)The core of our existence and pink ribbonsSamuk, Sahizer Article for general public (2017) Detailed reference viewed: 46 (0 UL)Politics for Males made by Males: Why do the Photos tell so much?Samuk, Sahizer Article for general public (2017) Detailed reference viewed: 53 (0 UL)Scenes from a Marriage: A Feminist CritiqueSamuk, Sahizer Article for general public (2016) Detailed reference viewed: 116 (0 UL)Temporary Migration and Temporary Integration: Canada and the UK in a Comparative PerspectiveSamuk, Sahizer Doctoral thesis (2016) Detailed reference viewed: 76 (8 UL)
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