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  The State of AI-Empowered Backscatter Communications: A Comprehensive Survey; ; et al E-print/Working paper (2023) The Internet of Things (IoT) is undergoing significant advancements, driven by the emergence of Backscatter Communication (BC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). BC is an energy-saving and cost-effective ... [more ▼] The Internet of Things (IoT) is undergoing significant advancements, driven by the emergence of Backscatter Communication (BC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). BC is an energy-saving and cost-effective communication method where passive backscatter devices communicate by modulating ambient Radio-Frequency (RF) carriers. AI has the potential to transform our way of communicating and interacting and represents a powerful tool for enabling the next generation of IoT devices and networks. By integrating AI with BC, we can create new opportunities for energy-efficient and low-cost communication and open the door to a range of innovative applications that were previously not possible. This paper brings these two technologies together to investigate the current state of AI-powered BC. We begin with an introduction to BC and an overview of the AI algorithms employed in BC. Then, we delve into the recent advances in AI-based BC, covering key areas such as backscatter signal detection, channel estimation, and jammer control to ensure security, mitigate interference, and improve throughput and latency. We also explore the exciting frontiers of AI in BC using B5G/6G technologies, including backscatter-assisted relay and cognitive communication networks, backscatter-assisted MEC networks, and BC with RIS, UAV, and vehicular networks. Finally, we highlight the challenges and present new research opportunities in AI-powered BC. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of AI-powered BC and its insightful impact on the future of IoT. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 55 (0 UL) MARL based resource allocation scheme leveraging vehicular cloudlet in automotive-industry 5.0; ; et al in Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences (2022) Automotive-Industry 5.0 will use Beyond Fifth-Generation (B5G) communications to provide robust, abundant computation resources and energy-efficient data sharing among various Intelligent Transportation ... [more ▼] Automotive-Industry 5.0 will use Beyond Fifth-Generation (B5G) communications to provide robust, abundant computation resources and energy-efficient data sharing among various Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) entities. Based on the vehicle communication network, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is created, where vehicles’ resources, including processing, storage, sensing, and communication units, can be leveraged to construct Vehicular Cloudlet (VC) to realize resource sharing. As Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) onboard computing is becoming more potent, VC resources (comprising stationary and moving vehicles’ idle resources) seems a promising solution to tackle the incessant computing requirements of vehicles. Furthermore, such spare computing resources can significantly reduce task requests’ delay and transmission costs. In order to maximize the utility of task requests in the system under the maximum time constraint, this paper proposes a Secondary Resource Allocation (SRA) mechanism based on a dual time scale. The request service process is regarded as M/M/1 queuing model and considers each task request in the same time slot as an agent. A Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is constructed and combined with the Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithm known as QMix, which exploits the overall vehicle state and queue state to reach effective computing resource allocation decisions. There are two main performance metrics: the system’s total utility and task completion rate. Simulation results reveal that the task completion rate is increased by 13%. Furthermore, compared with the deep deterministic policy optimization method, our proposed algorithm can improve the overall utility value by 70% and the task completion rate by 6%. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 16 (0 UL)A Survey on Vehicular Task Offloading: Classification, Issues, and Challenges; ; et al in Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences (2022) Emerging vehicular applications with strict latency and reliability requirements pose high computing requirements, and current vehicles’ computational resources are not adequate to meet these demands. In ... [more ▼] Emerging vehicular applications with strict latency and reliability requirements pose high computing requirements, and current vehicles’ computational resources are not adequate to meet these demands. In this scenario, vehicles can get help to process tasks from other resource-rich computing platforms, including nearby vehicles, fixed edge servers, and remote cloud servers. Nonetheless, different vehicular communication network (VCN) modes need to be utilized to access these computing resources, improving applications and networks’ performance and quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on the vehicular task offloading techniques under a communication perspective, i.e., vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to roadside infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle to everything (V2X). For the task/computation offloading, we present the classification of methods under the V2V, V2I, and V2X communication domains. Besides, the task/computation offloading categories are each sub-categorized according to their schemes’ objectives. Furthermore, the literature on vehicular task offloading is elaborated, compared, and analyzed from the perspectives of approaches, objectives, merits, demerits, etc. Finally, we highlight the open research challenges in this field and predict future research trends. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 18 (0 UL)RL/DRL Meets Vehicular Task Offloading Using Edge and Vehicular Cloudlet: A Survey; ; et al in IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2022) The last two decades have seen a clear trend toward crafting intelligent vehicles based on the significant advances in communication and computing paradigms, which provide a safer, stress-free, and more ... [more ▼] The last two decades have seen a clear trend toward crafting intelligent vehicles based on the significant advances in communication and computing paradigms, which provide a safer, stress-free, and more enjoyable driving experience. Moreover, emerging applications and services necessitate massive volumes of data, real-time data processing, and ultrareliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). However, the computing capability of current intelligent vehicles is minimal, making it challenging to meet the delay-sensitive and computation-intensive demand of such applications. In this situation, vehicular task/computation offloading toward the edge cloud (EC) and vehicular cloudlet (VC) seems to be a promising solution to improve the network’s performance and applications’ Quality of Service (QoS). At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) has dramatically changed people’s lives. Especially for vehicular task offloading applications, AI achieves state-of-the-art performance in various vehicular environments. Motivated by the outstanding performance of integrating reinforcement learning (RL)/deep RL (DRL) to the vehicular task offloading systems, we present a survey on various RL/DRL techniques applied to vehicular task offloading. Precisely, we classify the vehicular task offloading works into two main categories: 1) RL/ DRL solutions leveraging EC and 2) RL/DRL solutions using VC computing. Moreover, the EC section-based RL/DRL solutions are further subcategorized into multiaccess edge computing (MEC) server, nearby vehicles, and hybrid MEC (HMEC). To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to cover RL/DRL-based vehicular task offloading. Also, we provide lessons learned and open research challenges in this field and discuss the possible trend for future research. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 13 (0 UL)Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for IoV Using 5G NR-V2X Communication; ; et al in IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2021) Vehicular edge computing (VEC) is an innovative computing paradigm with an exceptional ability to improve the vehicles’ capacity to manage computation-intensive applications with both low latency and ... [more ▼] Vehicular edge computing (VEC) is an innovative computing paradigm with an exceptional ability to improve the vehicles’ capacity to manage computation-intensive applications with both low latency and energy consumption. Vehicles require to make task offloading decisions in dynamic network conditions to obtain maximum computation efficiency. In this article, we analyze computation efficiency in a VEC scenario, where a vehicle offloads its tasks to maximize computation efficiency as a tradeoff between computation time and energy consumption. Although, it is quite a challenge to ensure the quality of experience of the vehicle due to diverse task requirements and the dynamic wireless conditions caused by vehicle mobility. To tackle this problem, a computation efficiency problem is formulated by jointly optimizing task offloading decision and computation resource allocation. We propose a mobility-aware computational efficiency-based task offloading and resource allocation (MACTER) scheme and develop a distributed MACTER algorithm that provides the near-optimal solution. We further consider the fifth-generation new-radio vehicle-to-everything communication model, i.e., cellular link and millimeter wave, to enhance the system performance. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can efficiently enhance computation efficiency while satisfying computing time and energy consumption constraints. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 21 (0 UL) |
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