L’apparition du chirographe de juridiction dans le Nord de la France. Autour du plus ancien chirographe échevinal conservé (1218)

in Bulletin de la Commission royale d’Histoire (2022), 188

The reassignment of a chirograph issued between December 1217 and April 1218 (Lille, Archives départementales du Nord, J 362) to the City aldermen (“échevinage de la Cité”) in Tournai sheds new light on ... [more ▼]

The reassignment of a chirograph issued between December 1217 and April 1218 (Lille, Archives départementales du Nord, J 362) to the City aldermen (“échevinage de la Cité”) in Tournai sheds new light on the earliest urban chirographs from this town, whose archive was burnt down in 1940. This chirograph appears to be the oldest preserved in original for this jurisdiction, and the first written in French. It records a debt contracted by Mathieu II, lord of Ère in the Tournai area, to two citizens of Douai for the purchase of 80 modii of wheat, which exemplifies the vitality of regional grain trade in the early 13th century. It also offers an opportunity to investigate the dawn of this documentary form distinctive of Northern French and Belgian towns, still a poorly studied issue. The dating of Tournai’s early chirographs needs revision. They show up in Latin shortly before 1200, and switch to French in the second decade of the 13th century. Among other pioneer towns in the use of chirographs, only Saint-Omer also experienced a Latin phase, attested in 1209-1210. In Saint-Quentin and Arras, only vernacular acts are preserved, from 1218 and 1221 onwards. The same is true for Douai, whose inhabitants, as shown by Mathieu of Ère’s debt, were familiar with chirographs before they turned to them in 1224. Urban chirographs appeared in a dynamic, highly urbanized region, with close ties to England, yet also affected by conflicts between the king and the counts of Flanders, which may have fostered the need for written guarantees. [less ▲]