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See detailThe chemokine receptor CXCR3 limits injury after acute toxic liver damage
Moreno Zaldivar, Mirko UL; Berres, Marie-Luise; Sahin, Hacer et al

in Laboratory Investigation (2012), 92(5), 724-734

Although acute liver failure is a rare disease, its presence is associated with high morbidity and mortality in affected patients. While a contribution of the immune system to the outcome of toxic liver ... [more ▼]

Although acute liver failure is a rare disease, its presence is associated with high morbidity and mortality in affected patients. While a contribution of the immune system to the outcome of toxic liver failure is anticipated, functionally relevant immune cell receptors for liver cell damage need to be better defined. We here investigate the relevance of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, which is important for hepatic immune cell infiltration, in a model of experimental acute liver failure. Liver injury was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) in CXCR3 -/-, CCR1 -/-, CCR5 -/- and wild-type mice. In this model, CXCR3 -/- mice displayed augmented liver damage compared with all other mouse strains as assessed by liver histology and serum transaminases 24 and 72 h after injury. Phenotypically, CXCR3 -/- mice had significantly reduced intrahepatic NK and NKT cells after injury at all investigated time points (all P≤0.05), but strongly elevated expression levels of IL1-Β, TNF-α and IFN-γ. In line with a functional role of innate immune cells, wild-type mice depleted for NK cells with an anti-ASIALO GM1 antibody before liver injury also displayed increased liver injury after CCl 4 challenge. CXCR3 -/- and NK cell-depleted mice show reduced apoptotic liver cells (TUNEL assay), but more necrotic hepatocytes. Functionally, the augmented liver cell necrosis in CXCR3 -/- and NK cell-depleted mice was associated with increased expression of high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) protein and a consecutive enhanced infiltration of neutrophils into the liver. In conclusion, the results demonstrate a primarily unexpected beneficial role of CXCR3 in acute toxic liver injury. These findings should be taken into account when planning trials with CXCR3 antagonists. © 2012 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved. [less ▲]

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See detailChemokine Cxcl9 attenuates liver fibrosis-associated angiogenesis in mice
Moreno Zaldivar, Mirko UL; Sahin, Hacer; Borkham-Kamphorst, Erawan et al

in Hepatology (2012), 55(5), 1610-1619

Recent data suggest that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 is functionally involved in fibroproliferative disorders, including liver fibrosis. Neoangiogenesis is an important pathophysiological feature of ... [more ▼]

Recent data suggest that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 is functionally involved in fibroproliferative disorders, including liver fibrosis. Neoangiogenesis is an important pathophysiological feature of liver scarring, but a functional role of angiostatic CXCR3 chemokines in this process is unclear. We therefore investigated neoangiogenesis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced liver fibrosis in Cxcr3 -/- and wildtype mice by histological, molecular, and functional imaging methods. Furthermore, we assessed the direct role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression on liver angiogenesis and the fibroproliferative response using a Tet-inducible bitransgenic mouse model. The feasibility of attenuation of angiogenesis and associated liver fibrosis by therapeutic treatment with the angiostatic chemokine Cxcl9 was systematically analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate that fibrosis progression in Cxcr3 -/- mice was strongly linked to enhanced neoangiogenesis and VEGF/VEGFR2 expression compared with wildtype littermates. Systemic VEGF overexpression led to a fibrogenic response within the liver and was associated with a significantly increased Cxcl9 expression. In vitro, Cxcl9 displayed strong antiproliferative and antimigratory effects on VEGF-stimulated endothelial cells and stellate cells by way of reduced VEGFR2 (KDR), phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, identifying this chemokine as a direct counter-regulatory molecule of VEGF signaling within the liver. Accordingly, systemic administration of Cxcl9 led to a strong attenuation of neoangiogenesis and experimental liver fibrosis in vivo. Conclusion: The results identify direct angiostatic and antifibrotic effects of the Cxcr3 ligand Cxcl9 in a model of experimental liver fibrosis. The amelioration of liver damage by systemic application of Cxcl9 might offer a novel therapeutic approach for chronic liver diseases associated with increased neoangiogenesis. © 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. [less ▲]

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